{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T03:46:14Z","timestamp":1777434374702,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,12]],"date-time":"2016-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1463011200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Argument &amp; Computation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Explanation and argumentation can be used together in such a way that evidence, in the form of arguments, is used to support explanations. In a hybrid system, the interlocking of argument and explanation compounds the problem of how to differentiate between them. The distinction is imperative if we want to avoid the mistake of treating something as fallacious while it is not. Furthermore, the two forms of reasoning may influence dialogue protocol and strategy. In this paper a basis for solving the problem is proposed using a dialogue model where the context of the dialogue is used to distinguish argument from explanation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/aac-160001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,9]],"date-time":"2019-11-09T17:19:40Z","timestamp":1573319980000},"page":"55-68","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Combining explanation and argumentation in\u00a0dialogue"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Floris","family":"Bex","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Computing Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.089, 3508\u00a0TB\u00a0Utrecht, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Douglas","family":"Walton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research in Reasoning, Argumentation and Rhetoric, Philosophy Department, University\u00a0of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref001","unstructured":"V.\u00a0Aleven, Teaching case based argumentation through an example and models, PhD thesis, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 1997."},{"key":"ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-0140-3"},{"key":"ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F.\u00a0Bex, T.\u00a0Bench-Capon and B.\u00a0Verheij, What makes a story plausible? The need for precedents, in: Legal Knowledge and Information Systems: JURIX 2011 \u2013 The Twenty-Fourth Annual Conference, K.D.\u00a0Atkinson, ed. 2011, pp.\u00a023\u201332. doi:10.3233\/978-1-60750-981-3-23.","DOI":"10.3233\/978-1-60750-981-3-23"},{"key":"ref004","unstructured":"F.J.\u00a0Bex and K.\u00a0Budzynska, Argumentation and explanation as contexts of reasoning, in: 10th Workshop on Computational Models of Natural Argument (CMNA 2010), 2010."},{"key":"ref005","unstructured":"F.J.\u00a0Bex and H.\u00a0Prakken, Investigating stories in a formal dialogue game, in: Computational Models of Argument: Proceedings of COMMA 2008, Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications, Vol.\u00a0172, IOS Press, Amsterdam, 2008, pp.\u00a073\u201384."},{"key":"ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F.J.\u00a0Bex, P.J.\u00a0van Koppen, H.\u00a0Prakken and B.\u00a0Verheij, A hybrid formal theory of arguments, stories and criminal evidence,\n                      Artificial Intelligence and Law\n                      18\n                      (2) (2010). doi:10.1007\/s10506-010-9092-x.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10506-010-9092-x"},{"key":"ref007","unstructured":"J.\u00a0Cassens and A.\u00a0Kofod-Petersen, Designing explanation-aware systems: The quest for explanation patterns, in: Explanation-Aware Computing: Papers from the 2007 AAAI Workshop, T.R.\u00a0Roth-Berghofer, S.\u00a0Schulz and D.B.\u00a0Leake, eds, Technical Report WS-07-06, AAAI Press, Menlo Park, California, 2007, pp.\u00a020\u201327."},{"key":"ref008","unstructured":"A.\u00a0Cawsey, Explanation and Interaction: The Computer Generation of Explanatory Dialogues, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1992."},{"key":"ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8640.1991.tb00388.x"},{"key":"ref010","unstructured":"P.E.\u00a0Dunne, S.\u00a0Doutre and T.J.M.\u00a0Bench-Capon, Discovering inconsistency through examination dialogues, in: Proceedings IJCAI-05, Edinburgh, 2005, pp.\u00a01560\u20131561."},{"key":"ref011","unstructured":"M.A.\u00a0Finlayson, Deriving narrative morphologies via analogical story merging, in: New Frontiers in Analogy Research, New Bulgarian Univ. Press, Sofia, 2009, pp.\u00a0127\u2013136."},{"key":"ref012","unstructured":"C.L.\u00a0Hamblin, Fallacies, Methuen, London, 1970."},{"key":"ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-2567.1971.tb00065.x"},{"key":"ref014","unstructured":"P.\u00a0Hurley, Logic: A Concise Introduction, Wadsworth, Belmont, California, 2003."},{"key":"ref015","unstructured":"D.B.\u00a0Leake, Evaluating Explanations, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, New Jersey, 1992."},{"key":"ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-98197-0_13"},{"key":"ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/5247.001.0001"},{"key":"ref018","unstructured":"D.\u00a0Poole, Learning, Bayesian probability, graphical models, and abduction, in: Abduction and Induction: Essays on Their Relation and Integration, P.\u00a0Flach and A.\u00a0Kakas, eds, Kluwer, 1998."},{"key":"ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19462160903564592"},{"key":"ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H.\u00a0Prakken and G.A.W.\u00a0Vreeswijk, Logics for defeasible argumentation, in: Handbook of Philosophical Logic, D.\u00a0Gabbay and F.\u00a0G\u00fcnthner, eds, Vol.\u00a04, 2nd edn, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London, 2002, pp.\u00a0219\u2013318.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-0456-4_3"},{"key":"ref021","unstructured":"C.\u00a0Reed and D.\u00a0Walton, Argumentation schemes in dialogue, in: Dissensus and the Search for Common Ground: Proceedings of OSSA, H.V.\u00a0Hansen, C.W.\u00a0Tindale, R.H.\u00a0Johnson and J.A.\u00a0Blair, eds, 2007."},{"key":"ref022","unstructured":"C.\u00a0Reed, R.\u00a0Mochales Palau, G.\u00a0Rowe and M.F.\u00a0Moens, Language resources for studying argument, in: Proceedings of the 6th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (LREC-2008), 2008."},{"key":"ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C.\u00a0Reed, S.\u00a0Wells, K.\u00a0Budzynska and J.\u00a0Devereux, Building arguments with argumentation: The role of illocutionary force in computational models of argument, in: Computational Models of Argument: Proceedings of COMMA 2010, IOS Press, Amsterdam, 2010, pp.\u00a0415\u2013426. doi:10.3233\/978-1-60750-619-5-415.","DOI":"10.3233\/978-1-60750-619-5-415"},{"key":"ref024","unstructured":"R.C.\u00a0Schank, Explanation Patterns: Understanding Mechanically and Creatively, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, New Jersey, 1986."},{"key":"ref025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139173438"},{"key":"ref026","first-page":"263","volume":"22","author":"Walton D.","year":"1985","journal-title":"American Philosophical Quarterly"},{"key":"ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11229-010-9745-z"},{"key":"ref028","unstructured":"D.\u00a0Walton and E.C.W.\u00a0Krabbe, Commitment in Dialogue, SUNY Press, Albany, 1995."},{"key":"ref029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511802034"},{"key":"ref030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/9781442681859"}],"container-title":["Argument &amp; Computation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3233\/AAC-160001","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.3233\/AAC-160001","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3233\/AAC-160001","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T11:53:45Z","timestamp":1777377225000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.3233\/AAC-160001"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,12]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3233\/AAC-160001"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/aac-160001","relation":{},"ISSN":["1946-2166","1946-2174"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1946-2166","type":"print"},{"value":"1946-2174","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,12]]}}}