{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T23:20:38Z","timestamp":1782861638951,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,29]],"date-time":"2018-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530230400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Argument &amp; Computation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A background assumption of this paper is that the repertoire of inference schemes available to humanity is not fixed, but subject to change as new schemes are invented or refined and as old ones are obsolesced or abandoned. This is particularly visible in areas like health and environmental sciences, where enormous societal investment has been made in finding ways to reach more dependable conclusions. Computational modeling of argumentation, at least for the discourse in expert fields, will require the possibility of modeling change in a stock of schemes that may be applied to generate conclusions from data. We examine Randomized Clinical Trial, an inference scheme established within medical science in the mid-20th Century, and show that its successful defense by means of practical reasoning allowed for its black-boxing as an inference scheme that generates (and warrants belief in) conclusions about the effects of medical treatments. Modeling the use of a scheme is well-understood; here we focus on modeling how the scheme comes to be established so that it is available for use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/aac-180036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,29]],"date-time":"2018-06-29T16:36:35Z","timestamp":1530290195000},"page":"77-89","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Modeling the invention of a new inference rule: The case of \u2018Randomized Clinical Trial\u2019 as an argument scheme for\u00a0medical\u00a0science"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Jodi","family":"Schneider","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana\u2013Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sally","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication, University of Illinois at Urbana\u2013Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref001","unstructured":"Argument Interchange Format 2 Specification, available in various formats from http:\/\/www.argumentinterchange.org\/aif2spec, e.g. OWL: http:\/\/www.arg.dundee.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/AIF.owl, Jan. 2013."},{"issue":"36","key":"ref002","first-page":"39","volume":"23","author":"Bex F.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric"},{"key":"ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMms1604593"},{"key":"ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM195207242470401"},{"key":"ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0269888906001044"},{"key":"ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203137888"},{"key":"ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-0357-5"},{"key":"ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.721357"},{"key":"ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10503-008-9094-y"},{"key":"ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10503-017-9440-z"},{"key":"ref011","unstructured":"S.\u00a0Jackson and J.\u00a0Schneider, Argumentation devices in reasoning about health, in: 16th Workshop on Computational Models of Natural Argument (CMNA) Collocated with the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI), CEUR Workshop Proceedings, Vol.\u00a01876, 2016, http:\/\/ceur-ws.org\/Vol-1876\/paper10.pdf."},{"key":"ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22329\/il.v33i1.3656"},{"key":"ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M.\u00a0Mizrahi, Argument from expert opinion and persistent bias,\n                      Argumentation\n                      32(2) (2018), 175\u2013195. doi:10.1007\/s10503-017-9434-x.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10503-017-9434-x"},{"key":"ref014","unstructured":"J.\u00a0Schneider and S.\u00a0Jackson, Innovations in reasoning about health: The case of the Randomized Controlled Trial, Paper presented at\n                      ISSA 2018. International Society for the Study of Argumentation\n                      , Amsterdam, Netherlands, Jul. 3\u20136, 2018."},{"key":"ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/pb.bp.112.042382"},{"key":"ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-4938-5_14"},{"key":"ref017","unstructured":"S.E.\u00a0Toulmin, The Uses of Argument, Cambridge University Press, London, 1958."},{"key":"ref018","unstructured":"D.N.\u00a0Walton, Practical Reasoning, Rowan & Littlefield, Savage, MD, 1990."},{"key":"ref019","unstructured":"D.N.\u00a0Walton, Argumentation Schemes for Presumptive Reasoning, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ, 1996."}],"container-title":["Argument &amp; Computation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3233\/AAC-180036","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.3233\/AAC-180036","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3233\/AAC-180036","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T11:53:52Z","timestamp":1777377232000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.3233\/AAC-180036"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,29]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,16]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3233\/AAC-180036"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/aac-180036","relation":{},"ISSN":["1946-2166","1946-2174"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1946-2166","type":"print"},{"value":"1946-2174","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,29]]}}}