{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:25:35Z","timestamp":1788913535808,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AIC"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The mechanisms of emergence and evolution of collective behaviours in dynamical Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) of multiple interacting agents, with diverse behavioral strategies in co-presence, have been undergoing mathematical study via Evolutionary Game Theory (EGT). Their systematic study also resorts to agent-based modelling and simulation (ABM) techniques, thus enabling the study of aforesaid mechanisms under a variety of conditions, parameters, and alternative virtual games. This paper summarises some main research directions and challenges tackled in our group, using methods from EGT and ABM. These range from the introduction of cognitive and emotional mechanisms into agents\u2019 implementation in an evolving MAS, to the cost-efficient interference for promoting prosocial behaviours in complex networks, to the regulation and governance of AI safety development ecology, and to the equilibrium analysis of random evolutionary multi-player games. This brief aims to sensitize the reader to EGT based issues, results and prospects, which are accruing in importance for the modeling of minds with machines and the engineering of prosocial behaviours in dynamical MAS, with impact on our understanding of the emergence and stability of collective behaviours. In all cases, important open problems in MAS research as viewed or prioritised by the group are described.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/aic-220104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,2]],"date-time":"2022-09-02T11:21:23Z","timestamp":1662117683000},"page":"327-337","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Emergent behaviours in multi-agent systems with Evolutionary Game Theory"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"The Anh","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, Engineering and Digital Technologies, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artint.2018.01.002","article-title":"Autonomous agents modelling other agents: A comprehensive survey and open problems","volume":"258","author":"Albrecht","year":"2018","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1109\/MTS.2018.2876107","article-title":"Trusting intelligent machines: Deepening trust within socio-technical systems","volume":"37","author":"Andras","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Technology and Society Magazine"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref3","unstructured":"R.\u00a0Axelrod, The Evolution of Cooperation, Basic Books, New York, 1984."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-016-0677-0","article-title":"On the promotion of safe and socially beneficial artificial intelligence","volume":"32","author":"Baum","year":"2017","journal-title":"AI & Society"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.02.046","article-title":"The effect of virtual sales agent (VSA) gender \u2013 product gender congruence on product advice credibility, trust in VSA and online vendor, and purchase intention","volume":"60","author":"Beldad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E.\u00a0Bonabeau, M.\u00a0Dorigo and G.\u00a0Theraulaz, Swarm Intelligence: From Natural to Artificial Systems, Oxford University Press, USA, 1999.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195131581.001.0001"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref7","unstructured":"M.E.\u00a0Bratman, Intention, Plans, and Practical Reason, The David Hume Series, CSLI, 1987."},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C.\u00a0Castelfranchi and R.\u00a0Falcone, Trust Theory: A Socio-Cognitive and Computational Model, Wiley Series in Agent Technology, Wiley, 2010. ISBN 0470028750.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470519851"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S.\u00a0Cave and S.\u00a0\u00d3h\u00c9igeartaigh, An AI race for strategic advantage: Rhetoric and risks, in: AAAI\/ACM Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Ethics and Society, 2018, pp.\u00a036\u201340.","DOI":"10.1145\/3278721.3278780"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(93)90060-O","article-title":"A Bayesian model of plan recognition","volume":"64","author":"Charniak","year":"1993","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2014.0935"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref12","unstructured":"A.K.\u00a0Chopra and M.P.\u00a0Singh, Multiagent commitment alignment, in: AAMAS\u20192009, 2009, pp.\u00a0937\u2013944."},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/isal_a_00181"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2021.107545"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-99269-x","article-title":"Artificial intelligence development races in heterogeneous settings","volume":"12","author":"Cimpeanu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1140\/epjb\/s10051-021-00181-0","article-title":"Statistics of the number of equilibria in random social dilemma evolutionary games with mutation","volume":"94","author":"Duong","year":"2021","journal-title":"The European Physical Journal B"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1007\/s00285-016-1010-8","article-title":"Analysis of the expected density of internal equilibria in random evolutionary multi-player multi-strategy games","volume":"73","author":"Duong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Mathematical Biology"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.2021.0568"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13235-018-0276-4"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s00285-018-1276-0","article-title":"On the distribution of the number of internal equilibria in random evolutionary games","volume":"78","author":"Duong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Mathematical Biology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1090\/S0273-0979-1995-00571-9","article-title":"How many zeros of a random polynomial are real?","volume":"32","author":"Edelman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. (N. S.)"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1038\/415137a","article-title":"Altruistic punishment in humans","volume":"415","author":"Fehr","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-020-09539-2","article-title":"Artificial intelligence, values, and alignment","volume":"30","author":"Gabriel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Minds and machines"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref25","unstructured":"H.\u00a0Gintis, Game Theory Evolving, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2000."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5500","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0912214107","article-title":"Evolutionary games in the multiverse","volume":"107","author":"Gokhale","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref27","unstructured":"G.K.\u00a0Hadfield, Rules for a Flat World: Why Humans Invented Law and How to Reinvent It for a Complex Global Economy, Oxford University Press, 2017."},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T.A.\u00a0Han, Intention Recognition, Commitments and Their Roles in the Evolution of Cooperation: From Artificial Intelligence Techniques to Evolutionary Game Theory Models, Springer, 2013. ISBN 978-3-642-37511-8.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-37512-5"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T.A.\u00a0Han, Emergence of social punishment and cooperation through prior commitments, in: AAAI, 2016, pp.\u00a02494\u20132500.","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v30i1.10120"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2022.0036"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2021.101843"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T.A.\u00a0Han, S.\u00a0Lynch, L.\u00a0Tran-Thanh and F.C.\u00a0Santos, Fostering cooperation in structured populations through local and global interference strategies, in: IJCAI-ECAI, AAAI Press, 2018, pp.\u00a0289\u2013295.","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2018\/40"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.3233\/AIC-130559","article-title":"State-of-the-art of intention recognition and its use in decision making \u2013 a research summary","volume":"26","author":"Han","year":"2013","journal-title":"AI Communication Journal"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-4666-3682-8.ch009"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.3233\/IDT-130170","article-title":"Context-dependent incremental decision making scrutinizing the intentions of others via Bayesian network model construction","volume":"7","author":"Han","year":"2013","journal-title":"Intelligent Decision Technologies"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1007\/s10458-016-9338-4","article-title":"Evolution of commitment and level of participation in public goods games","volume":"31","author":"Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244592"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref38","unstructured":"T.A.\u00a0Han, L.M.\u00a0Pereira and F.C.\u00a0Santos, The role of intention recognition in the evolution of cooperative behavior, in: Proceedings of the 22nd International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI\u20192011), T.\u00a0Walsh, ed., AAAI, 2011, pp.\u00a01684\u20131689."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref39","first-page":"264","article-title":"Intention recognition promotes the emergence of cooperation","volume":"19","author":"Han","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adaptive Behavior"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1162\/ARTL_a_00072","article-title":"Corpus-based intention recognition in cooperation dilemmas","volume":"18","author":"Han","year":"2012","journal-title":"Artificial Life journal"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T.A.\u00a0Han, L.M.\u00a0Pereira and F.C.\u00a0Santos, Intention recognition, commitment and the evolution of cooperation, in: 2012 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, IEEE, 2012, pp.\u00a01\u20138.","DOI":"10.1109\/CEC.2012.6256472"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref42","unstructured":"T.A.\u00a0Han, L.M.\u00a0Pereira and F.C.\u00a0Santos, The emergence of commitments and cooperation, in: AAMAS\u20192012, 2012, pp.\u00a0559\u2013566."},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep02695"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref44","unstructured":"T.A.\u00a0Han, L.M.\u00a0Pereira, F.C.\u00a0Santos and T.\u00a0Lenaerts, Why is it so hard to say sorry: The evolution of apology with commitments in the iterated prisoner\u2019s dilemma, in: IJCAI\u20192013, AAAI Press, 2013, pp.\u00a0177\u2013183."},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1613\/jair.1.12225","article-title":"To regulate or not: A social dynamics analysis of an idealised AI race","volume":"69","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogsys.2021.02.003","article-title":"When to (or not to) trust intelligent machines: Insights from an evolutionary game theory analysis of trust in repeated games","volume":"68","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cognitive Systems Research"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep09312"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-34435-2"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref49","unstructured":"T.A.\u00a0Han, L.\u00a0Tran-Thanh and N.R.\u00a0Jennings, The cost of interference in evolving multiagent systems, in: 14th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, 2015, pp.\u00a01719\u20131720."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2012.02.004","article-title":"On equilibrium properties of evolutionary multi-player games with random payoff matrices","volume":"81","author":"Han","year":"2012","journal-title":"Theoretical Population Biology"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1126\/science.162.3859.1243","article-title":"The tragedy of the commons","volume":"162","author":"Hardin","year":"1968","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M.R.\u00a0Hasan and A.\u00a0Raja, Emergence of cooperation using commitments and complex network dynamics, in: IEEE\/WIC\/ACM Intl Joint Conferences on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technologies, 2013, pp.\u00a0345\u2013352.","DOI":"10.1109\/WI-IAT.2013.130"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref53","unstructured":"M.D.\u00a0Hauser, Moral Minds, How Nature Designed Our Universal Sense of Right and Wrong, Little Brown, 2007."},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J.\u00a0Hofbauer and K.\u00a0Sigmund, Evolutionary Games and Population Dynamics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1998.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139173179"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref55","unstructured":"K.-F.\u00a0Lee, AI Superpowers: China, Silicon Valley, and the New World Order, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2018."},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref56","unstructured":"N.\u00a0Luhmann, Trust and Power, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 1979."},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1038\/246015a0","article-title":"The logic of animal conflict","volume":"246","author":"Maynard Smith","year":"1973","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref58","unstructured":"A.N.\u00a0Meltzoff, Imitation and other minds: The \u201cLike Me\u201d hypothesi, in: Perspectives on Imitation: From Neuroscience to Social Science. Imitation, Human Development, and Culture, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 2005, pp.\u00a055\u201377."},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref59","unstructured":"R.M.\u00a0Nesse, Evolution and the Capacity for Commitment, Foundation Series on Trust, Russell Sage, 2001. ISBN 9780871546227."},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref60","unstructured":"M.A.\u00a0Nowak, Evolutionary Dynamics, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 2006."},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1133755","article-title":"Five rules for the evolution of cooperation","volume":"314","author":"Nowak","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N.B.\u00a0Ogbo, T.\u00a0Cimpeanu, A.\u00a0Di Stefano and T.A.\u00a0Han, Shake on it: The role of commitments and the evolution of coordination in networks of technology firms, in: 2022 Artificial Life Conference, MIT Press, 2022.","DOI":"10.1162\/isal_a_00524"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3375627.3375842"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A.\u00a0Paiva, F.P.\u00a0Santos and F.C.\u00a0Santos, Engineering pro-sociality with autonomous agents, in: Thirty-Second AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 2018.","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v32i1.12215"},{"issue":"5731","key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1126\/science.309.5731.93","article-title":"How did cooperative behavior evolve?","volume":"309","author":"Pennisi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physrep.2017.05.004","article-title":"Statistical physics of human cooperation","volume":"687","author":"Perc","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physics Reports"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/e24010010"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref69","unstructured":"L.M.\u00a0Pereira, T.\u00a0Lenaerts, L.A.\u00a0Martinez-Vaquero and T.A.\u00a0Han, Social manifestation of guilt leads to stable cooperation in multi-agent systems, in: AAMAS, 2017, pp.\u00a01422\u20131430."},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L.M.\u00a0Pereira and A.B.\u00a0Lopes, Machine Ethics: From Machine Morals to the Machinery of Morality, Springer, 2020.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-39630-5"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2007.04.004","article-title":"Trust-inspiring explanation interfaces for recommender systems","volume":"20","author":"Pu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Knowledge-Based Systems"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P.\u00a0Roy, B.\u00a0Bouchard, A.\u00a0Bouzouane and S.\u00a0Giroux, A hybrid plan recognition model for Alzheimer\u2019s patients: Interleaved-erroneous dilemma, in: Proceedings of IEEE\/WIC\/ACM International Conference on Intelligent Agent Technology, 2007, pp.\u00a0131\u2013137.","DOI":"10.1109\/IAT.2007.17"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F.\u00a0Sadri, Logic-based approaches to intention recognition, in: Handbook of Research on Ambient Intelligence: Trends and Perspectives, 2011, pp.\u00a0346\u2013375.","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-61692-857-5.ch018"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1015648108"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10458-020-09463-w","article-title":"Picky losers and carefree winners prevail in collective risk dilemmas with partner selection","volume":"34","author":"Santos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K.\u00a0Sigmund, The Calculus of Selfishness, Princeton Univ. Press, 2010.","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400832255"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09203","article-title":"Social learning promotes institutions for governing the commons","volume":"466","author":"Sigmund","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M.P.\u00a0Singh, Norms as a basis for governing sociotechnical systems, ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology (TIST) 5(1) (2013), 21.","DOI":"10.1145\/2542182.2542203"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref79","unstructured":"G.\u00a0Sukthankar, C.\u00a0Geib, H.\u00a0Bui, D.\u00a0Pynadath and R.P.\u00a0Goldman, Plan, Activity, and Intent Recognition: Theory and Practice, Newnes, 2014."},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M.\u00a0Tomasello, Origins of Human Communication, MIT Press, 2008.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/7551.001.0001"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.74.011909"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artint.2007.01.004","article-title":"What evolutionary game theory tells us about multiagent learning","volume":"171","author":"Tuyls","year":"2007","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref83","unstructured":"J.\u00a0Von Neumann and O.\u00a0Morgenstern, Theory of Games and Economic Behavior, Princeton University Press, 1944."},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref84","unstructured":"M.\u00a0Wooldridge, The Road to Conscious Machines: The Story of AI, Penguin UK, 2020."},{"key":"10.3233\/AIC-220104_ref85","unstructured":"M.\u00a0Wooldridge and N.R.\u00a0Jennings, The cooperative problem-solving process, in: Journal of Logic and Computation, 1999, pp.\u00a0403\u2013417."}],"container-title":["AI Communications"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/AIC-220104","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T18:28:03Z","timestamp":1777400883000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.3233\/AIC-220104"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Stefano V.","family":"Albrecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Woolridge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/aic-220104","relation":{},"ISSN":["1875-8452","0921-7126"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1875-8452","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0921-7126","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]]}}}