{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T03:05:26Z","timestamp":1777431926631,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AO"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,19]]},"DOI":"10.3233\/ao-200230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,19]],"date-time":"2020-05-19T11:21:10Z","timestamp":1589887270000},"page":"361-384","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Parthood and part\u2013whole relations in Zulu language and culture"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"C.\u00a0Maria","family":"Keet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Cape Town, South Africa. E-mail:\u00a0mkeet@cs.uct.ac.za"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Langa","family":"Khumalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Linguistics Program, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. E-mail:\u00a0khumalol@ukzn.ac.za"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/AO-200230_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksuci.2014.06.007","article-title":"Automatic extraction of ontological relations from Arabic text","volume":"26","author":"Al Zamil","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of King Saud University\u00a0\u2013 Computer and Information Sciences"},{"key":"10.3233\/AO-200230_ref2","unstructured":"Ameka, F. (1996). Body parts in Ewe grammar. In The Grammar of Inalienability: A\u00a0Typological Perspective on Body Part Terms and the Part\u2013Whole Relation (pp.\u00a0783\u2013840). Mouton de Gruyter."},{"key":"10.3233\/AO-200230_ref3","unstructured":"Artale, A., Guarino, N. & Keet, C.M. (2008). Formalising temporal constraints on part\u2013whole relations. In G. Brewka and J. Lang (Eds.), 11th International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning (KR\u201908), Sydney, Australia, September 16\u201319, 2008 (pp.\u00a0673\u2013683). AAAI Press."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/AO-200230_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1215\/00318108-113-1-89","article-title":"Some stuffs are not sums of stuff","volume":"113","author":"Barnett","year":"2004","journal-title":"The Philosophical Review"},{"key":"10.3233\/AO-200230_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/phis.12101","article-title":"Part and whole, again","volume":"27","author":"Bennett","year":"2017","journal-title":"Philosophical Issues"},{"key":"10.3233\/AO-200230_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00413976","article-title":"The chemistry of substances and the philosophy of mass terms","volume":"69","author":"Brakel","year":"1986","journal-title":"Synthese"},{"key":"10.3233\/AO-200230_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2041-1480-4-43"},{"key":"10.3233\/AO-200230_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Byamugisha, J., Keet, C.M. & DeRenzi, B. (2017). Evaluation of a Runyankore grammar engine for healthcare messages. In Proceedings of the 10th International Natural Language Generation Conference (INLG\u201917), Santiago de Compostela, Spain, September 4\u20137, 2017 (pp.\u00a0105\u2013113). Association for Computational Linguistics.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W17-3514"},{"key":"10.3233\/AO-200230_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, X., Cao, C., Wang, S. & Lu, H. (2008). Extracting part\u2013whole relations from unstructured Chinese corpus. In Fifth International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery (FSKD\u201908). IEEE Xplore.","DOI":"10.1109\/FSKD.2008.142"},{"key":"10.3233\/AO-200230_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110822137"},{"key":"10.3233\/AO-200230_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511896316.013"},{"key":"10.3233\/AO-200230_ref12","unstructured":"Coenders, H. (Ed.) (1998). Kramers Woordenboek Nederlands (21st ed.). Elsevier."},{"key":"10.3233\/AO-200230_ref13","unstructured":"Dent, G.R. & Nyembezi, C.L.S. (2009). Scholar\u2019s Zulu Dictionary (4th ed.). Shuter & Shooter Publishers."},{"key":"10.3233\/AO-200230_ref14","unstructured":"Doke, C.M., Malcolm, D.M., Sikakana, J.M.A. & Vilakazi, B.W. (1958). English\u2013Zulu Zulu\u2013English Dictionary. Witwatersrand University Press. 918\u00a0pp."},{"key":"10.3233\/AO-200230_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s11098-007-9197-6","article-title":"Summation relations and portions of stuff","volume":"143","author":"Donnelly","year":"2009","journal-title":"Philosophical Studies"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/AO-200230_ref16","first-page":"249","article-title":"IsiZulu terminology development in nursing and midwifery","volume":"17","author":"Engelbrecht","year":"2010","journal-title":"Alternation"},{"key":"10.3233\/AO-200230_ref17","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-L\u00f3pez, M., G\u00f3mez-P\u00e9rez, A. & Su\u00e1rez-Figueroa, M.C. (2008). Selecting and customizing a mereology ontology for its reuse in a pharmaceutical product ontology. In C. Eschenbach and M. Gr\u00fcninger (Eds.), Proceedings of the Conference on Formal Ontology and Information Systems (FOIS\u201908) (pp.\u00a0181\u2013194). IOS Press."},{"key":"10.3233\/AO-200230_ref18","unstructured":"Frescura, F. & Myeza, J. (2016). Illustrated Glossary of Southern African Architectural Terms. Bilingual Glossary Series. UKZN Press."},{"key":"10.3233\/AO-200230_ref19","unstructured":"Galton, A. (2018). Yet another taxonomy of part\u2013whole relations. In CAOS at the Joint Ontology Workshops 2018. CEUR-WS."},{"key":"10.3233\/AO-200230_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guizzardi, G. (2007). Modal aspects of object types and part\u2013whole relations and the de re\/de dicto distinction. In 19th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAISE\u201907), Trondheim, 2007. LNCS (Vol.\u00a04495). Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-72988-4_2"},{"key":"10.3233\/AO-200230_ref22","unstructured":"Hahmann, T. & Brodaric, B. (2014). Voids and material constitution across physical granularities. In Proceedings of the Conference on Formal Ontology and Information Systems (FOIS\u201914). IOS Press."},{"key":"10.3233\/AO-200230_ref23","unstructured":"Hayman, L.M. (1996). The syntax of body parts in Haya. In H. Chappell and W. McGregor (Eds.), The Grammar of Inalienability: A\u00a0Typological Perspective on Body Part Terms and the Part\u2013Whole Relation (pp.\u00a0865\u2013890). Mouton de Gruyter."},{"key":"10.3233\/AO-200230_ref24","first-page":"189","article-title":"The language barrier: The overlooked challenge to equitable health care","author":"Hussey","year":"2012","journal-title":"SAHR"},{"key":"10.3233\/AO-200230_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.datak.2012.06.004","article-title":"Minimally-supervised extraction of domain-specific part\u2013whole relations using Wikipedia as knowledge-base","volume":"85","author":"Ittoo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Data & Knowledge Engineering"},{"key":"10.3233\/AO-200230_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-13704-9_17"},{"key":"10.3233\/AO-200230_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-49004-5_24"},{"key":"10.3233\/AO-200230_ref29","unstructured":"Keet, C.M. (2017a). A\u00a0note on the compatibility of part\u2013whole relations with foundational ontologies. In FOUST-II: 2nd Workshop on Foundational Ontology, JOWO 2017. CEUR-WS (Vol.\u00a02050, p.\u00a010)."},{"key":"10.3233\/AO-200230_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keet, C.M. (2017b). Representing and aligning similar relations: Parts and wholes in isiZulu vs English. In Language, Data, and Knowledge 2017 (LDK\u201917). LNAI (Vol.\u00a010318, pp.\u00a058\u201373). Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-59888-8_5"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.3233\/AO-200230_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3233\/AO-2008-0044","article-title":"Representing and reasoning over a taxonomy of part\u2013whole relations","volume":"3","author":"Keet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Applied Ontology"},{"key":"10.3233\/AO-200230_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W16-6629"},{"key":"10.3233\/AO-200230_ref33","unstructured":"Keet, C.M. & Khumalo, L. (2018). On the ontology of part\u2013whole relations in Zulu language and culture. In S. Borgo and P. Hitzler (Eds.), 10th International Conference on Formal Ontology in Information Systems 2018 (FOIS\u201918), 17\u201321 September, 2018, Cape Town, South Africa. FAIA (Vol.\u00a0306, pp.\u00a0225\u2013238). IOS Press."},{"key":"10.3233\/AO-200230_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3148011.3148013"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/AO-200230_ref35","first-page":"21","article-title":"Advances in developing corpora in African languages","volume":"1","author":"Khumalo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Kuwala"},{"key":"10.3233\/AO-200230_ref36","first-page":"252","article-title":"Intellectualization through terminology development","volume":"27","author":"Khumalo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lexicos"},{"key":"10.3233\/AO-200230_ref38","unstructured":"Mbatha, M.O. (Ed.) (2006). Isichazamazwi SesiZulu. Pietermaritzburg: New Dawn Publishers."},{"key":"10.3233\/AO-200230_ref39","unstructured":"Mizoguchi, R. (2010). YAMATO: Yet Another More Advanced Top-level Ontology. In Proceedings of the Sixth Australasian Ontology Workshop. Conferences in Research and Practice in Information, CRPIT (pp.\u00a01\u201316). Sydney: ACS."},{"key":"10.3233\/AO-200230_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mossakowski, T., Codescu, M., Neuhaus, F. & Kutz, O. (2015). The distributed ontology, modelling and specification language\u00a0\u2013 DOL. In The Road to Universal Logic\u00a0\u2013 Festschrift for 50th Birthday of Jean-Yves Beziau, Volume\u00a0II. Studies in Universal Logic. Birkh\u00e4user.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-15368-1_21"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/AO-200230_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1109\/69.806936","article-title":"Part\u2013whole relationship categories and their application in object-oriented analysis","volume":"11","author":"Motschnig-Pitrik","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering"},{"key":"10.3233\/AO-200230_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-33876-2_24"},{"key":"10.3233\/AO-200230_ref45","unstructured":"Rogers, J. & Rector, A. (2000). GALEN\u2019s model of parts and wholes: Experience and comparisons. In Proceedings of the AMIA Symposium 2000 (pp.\u00a0714\u2013718). AMIA."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.3233\/AO-200230_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2003.11.007","article-title":"A\u00a0reference ontology for biomedical informatics: The foundational model of anatomy","volume":"36","author":"Rosse","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Biomedical Informatics"},{"key":"10.3233\/AO-200230_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shrestha, R., Arnaud, E., Mauleon, R., Senger, M., Davenport, G.F., Hancock, D., Morrison, N., Bruskiewich, R. & McLaren, G. (2010). Multifunctional crop trait ontology for breeders\u2019 data: Field book, annotation, data discovery and semantic enrichment of the literature. AoB PLANTS, 201, plq008.","DOI":"10.1093\/aobpla\/plq008"},{"key":"10.3233\/AO-200230_ref48","unstructured":"Smith, B., Ceusters, W., Klagges, B., K\u00f6hler, J., Kumar, A., Lomax, J., Mungall, C., Neuhaus, F., Rector, A.L. & Rosse, C. (2005). Relations in biomedical ontologies. Genome Biology, 6, R46."},{"key":"10.3233\/AO-200230_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tandon, N., Hariman, C., Urbani, J., Rohrbach, A., Rohrbach, M. & Weikum, G. (2016). Commonsense in parts: Mining part\u2013whole relations from the web and image tags. In Proceedings of the Thirtieth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI\u201916) (pp.\u00a0243\u2013250). AAAI Press.","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v30i1.9992"},{"key":"10.3233\/AO-200230_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1002\/cfg.154","article-title":"The plant ontology consortium and plant ontologies","volume":"3","author":"The Plant Ontology Consortium","year":"2002","journal-title":"Comparative and Functional Genomics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/AO-200230_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.2307\/2026004","article-title":"Parthood and identity across time","volume":"80","author":"Thomson","year":"1983","journal-title":"The Journal of Philosophy"},{"key":"10.3233\/AO-200230_ref53","unstructured":"Uschold, M. & King, M. (1995). Towards a methodology for building ontologies. In Workshop on Basic Ontological Issues in Knowledge Sharing (Co-Located with IJCAI\u201995)."},{"key":"10.3233\/AO-200230_ref54","unstructured":"Varzi, A.C. (2004). Mereology. In E.N. Zalta (Ed.), Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2004 ed.). Stanford. http:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/archives\/fall2004\/entries\/mereology\/."},{"key":"10.3233\/AO-200230_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-5587-4_15"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/AO-200230_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1177\/1069397111402462","article-title":"Implicit personality conceptions of the Nguni cultural-linguistic groups of South Africa","volume":"45","author":"Velichko","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cross-Cultural Research"},{"key":"10.3233\/AO-200230_ref57","unstructured":"Vieu, L. & Aurnague, M. (2005). Part-of relations, functionality and dependence. In Categorization of Spatial Entities in Language and Cognition. Amsterdam: John Benjamins."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/AO-200230_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog1104_2","article-title":"A\u00a0taxonomy of part\u2013whole relations","volume":"11","author":"Winston","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/AO-200230_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s10044-015-0516-9","article-title":"Acquisition of Turkish meronym based on classification of patterns","volume":"19","author":"Y\u0131ld\u0131z","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pattern Analysis and Applications"}],"container-title":["Applied Ontology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/AO-200230","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T11:46:16Z","timestamp":1777376776000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.3233\/AO-200230"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Stefano","family":"Borgo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pascal","family":"Hitzler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cogan","family":"Shimizu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,19]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/ao-200230","relation":{},"ISSN":["1875-8533","1570-5838"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1875-8533","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1570-5838","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,19]]}}}