{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T03:06:08Z","timestamp":1777431968479,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AO"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Upper ontologies have traditionally arisen from the approach in which concepts that are common across a set of domains can be axiomatized at a general level. The rationale is that reuse across domains is to be supported through specialization of the general concepts from an upper ontology. Similarly, semantic integration between ontologies is to be achieved through the general concepts they specialize. The TUpper Ontology follows an alternative approach (referred to as the sideways approach) to the conventional upper ontology paradigm. Rather than think of an upper ontology as a monolithic axiomatization centred on a taxonomy, the sideways approach considers an upper ontology to be a modular ontology composed of generic ontologies that cover concepts including those related to time, process, and space. TUpper is therefore composed of a set of generic ontologies, and each generic ontology axiomatizes a particular set of generic concepts (e.g., the classes and relations relevant for time, process, and space). The TUpper Ontology is designed as a top-level ontology that contains modules from the ontologies within existing international standards.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/ao-220263","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T13:23:18Z","timestamp":1643721798000},"page":"143-165","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["TUpper: A top level ontology within standards1"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Gr\u00fcninger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Ru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jona","family":"Thai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"key":"10.3233\/AO-220263_ref1","unstructured":"Aameri, B. (2012). Using partial automorphisms to design process ontologies. In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Formal Ontology in Information Systems (pp. 309\u2013322). IOS Press."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/AO-220263_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.3233\/AO-200231","article-title":"The FOUnt ontologies for units of measure and the physical world","volume":"15","author":"Aameri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Applied Ontology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/AO-220263_ref3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Location ontologies based on mereotopological pluralism","volume":"15","author":"Aameri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Applied Ontology"},{"key":"10.3233\/AO-220263_ref4","unstructured":"Aameri, B. & Gruninger, M. (2013). A first-order axiomatization of change in mereotopology. In Proceedings of the 27th International Workshop on Qualitative Reasoning (pp. 115\u2013121)."},{"key":"10.3233\/AO-220263_ref5","unstructured":"Chui, C. (2014). A sideways look at upper ontologies. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Formal Ontology in Information Systems (pp. 9\u201322). IOS Press."},{"key":"10.3233\/AO-220263_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chui, C., Gr\u00fcninger, M. & Wong, J. (2020). An ontology for formal models of kinship. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Formal Ontology in Information Systems. IOS Press.","DOI":"10.3233\/FAIA200663"},{"key":"10.3233\/AO-220263_ref9","unstructured":"Gruninger, M. & Bouafoud, S. (2011). Thinking outside (and inside) the box. In Proceedings of SHAPES 1.0: The Shape of Things. Workshop at CONTEXT-11 (Vol.\u00a0812). CEUR-WS.org."},{"key":"10.3233\/AO-220263_ref10","unstructured":"Gr\u00fcninger, M., Chui, C. & Katsumi, M. (2017). Upper ontologies in COLORE. In Proceedings of the Joint Ontology Workshops 2017 (Vol.\u00a02050). CEUR-WS.org."},{"key":"10.3233\/AO-220263_ref11","unstructured":"Ru, Y. (2020). A mereology for connected structures. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Formal Ontology in Information Systems. IOS Press."},{"key":"10.3233\/AO-220263_ref12","unstructured":"Ru, Y. & Gr\u00fcninger, M. (2017). Parts unknown: Mereologies for solid physical objects. In Proceedings of the Joint Ontology Workshops 2017 (Vol.\u00a02050, pp. 1\u20139). CEUR-WS.org."},{"key":"10.3233\/AO-220263_ref13","unstructured":"Simons, P. (1987). Parts: A Study in Ontology. USA: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"10.3233\/AO-220263_ref14","unstructured":"Textor, M. (2021). States of affairs. In E.N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2021 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University."}],"container-title":["Applied Ontology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/AO-220263","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T11:46:22Z","timestamp":1777376782000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.3233\/AO-220263"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Stefano","family":"Borgo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antony","family":"Galton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Kutz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,15]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/ao-220263","relation":{},"ISSN":["1875-8533","1570-5838"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1875-8533","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1570-5838","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,15]]}}}