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Like demographic data of other sorts, data about languages may be of use to researchers in a number of areas, including biomedical research. Data on the languages used in clinical encounters are typically included in medical records, and capture an important factor in patient-provider interactions. Like many types of patient and demographic data, data on a person\u2019s preferred and primary languages are organized in different ways by different systems. This can be a barrier to data integration. We believe that a robust framework for representing language in general and preferred and primary language in particular\u00a0\u2013 which has been lacking in ontologies thus far\u00a0\u2013 can promote more successful integration of language-related data from disparate data sources.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/ao-230049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]],"date-time":"2023-11-03T16:11:26Z","timestamp":1699027886000},"page":"239-262","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ontology of language, with applications to demographic data"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"S. 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