{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T06:40:19Z","timestamp":1780555219649,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"IOS Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9781643682440","type":"print"},{"value":"9781643682457","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The study and understanding of human behaviour is relevant to computer science, artificial intelligence, neural computation, cognitive science, philosophy, psychology, and several other areas. Presupposing cognition as basis of behaviour, among the most prominent tools in the modelling of behaviour are computational-logic systems, connectionist models of cognition, and models of uncertainty. Recent studies in cognitive science, artificial intelligence, and psychology have produced a number of cognitive models of reasoning, learning, and language that are underpinned by computation. In addition, efforts in computer science research have led to the development of cognitive computational systems integrating machine learning and automated reasoning. Such systems have shown promise in a range of applications, including computational biology, fault diagnosis, training and assessment in simulators, and software verification. This joint survey reviews the personal ideas and views of several researchers on neural-symbolic learning and reasoning. The article is organised in three parts: Firstly, we frame the scope and goals of neural-symbolic computation and have a look at the theoretical foundations. We then proceed to describe the realisations of neural-symbolic computation, systems, and applications. Finally we present the challenges facing the area and avenues for further research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/faia210348","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]],"date-time":"2022-01-03T10:41:53Z","timestamp":1641206513000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Chapter 1. Neural-Symbolic Learning and Reasoning: A Survey and Interpretation1"],"prefix":"10.3233","author":[{"given":"Tarek R.","family":"Besold","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Philosophy & Ethics, Faculty of IE\/IS, Eindhoven University of Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Artur","family":"d\u2019Avila Garcez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, City, University London"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Bader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Rostock"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Howard","family":"Bowman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, University of Kent"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Domingos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science & Engineering, University of Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascal","family":"Hitzler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, Kansas State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai-Uwe","family":"K\u00fchnberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Osnabr\u00fcck"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis C.","family":"Lamb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priscila Machado Vieira","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PESC\/COPPE & NCE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leo","family":"de Penning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Illuminoo B.V."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gadi","family":"Pinkas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Afeka College of Engineering and Afeka Center for Language Processing, Tel-Aviv, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hoifung","family":"Poon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microsoft Research"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerson","family":"Zaverucha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"7437","container-title":["Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications","Neuro-Symbolic Artificial Intelligence: The State of the Art"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ebooks.iospress.nl\/pdf\/doi\/10.3233\/FAIA210348","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]],"date-time":"2022-01-03T10:41:54Z","timestamp":1641206514000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ebooks.iospress.nl\/doi\/10.3233\/FAIA210348"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]]},"ISBN":["9781643682440","9781643682457"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/faia210348","relation":{},"ISSN":["0922-6389","1879-8314"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0922-6389","type":"print"},{"value":"1879-8314","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]]}}}