{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T15:36:38Z","timestamp":1772120198540,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"IOS Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9781643683645","type":"print"},{"value":"9781643683652","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670198400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This work focuses on the automatic classification of deontic sentences. It presents a novel Machine Learning approach which combines the power of Transfer Learning with the information provided by two famous LegalXML formats. In particular, different BERT-like neural architectures have been fine-tuned on the down-stream task of classifying rules from the European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) encoded in Akoma Ntoso and LegalRuleML. This work shows that fine-tuned language models can leverage the information provided in LegalXML documents to achieve automatic classification of deontic sentences and rules.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/faia220467","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]],"date-time":"2022-12-09T11:51:37Z","timestamp":1670586697000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Transfer Learning for Deontic Rule Classification: The Case Study of the GDPR"],"prefix":"10.3233","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1124-0299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Liga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Luxembourg"},{"name":"Alma Human-AI, University of Bologna"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8557-8084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica","family":"Palmirani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alma Human-AI, University of Bologna"}]}],"member":"7437","container-title":["Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications","Legal Knowledge and Information Systems"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ebooks.iospress.nl\/pdf\/doi\/10.3233\/FAIA220467","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]],"date-time":"2022-12-09T11:51:39Z","timestamp":1670586699000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ebooks.iospress.nl\/doi\/10.3233\/FAIA220467"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]]},"ISBN":["9781643683645","9781643683652"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/faia220467","relation":{},"ISSN":["0922-6389","1879-8314"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0922-6389","type":"print"},{"value":"1879-8314","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]]}}}