{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T21:41:17Z","timestamp":1770759677255,"version":"3.50.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"IOS Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9781643684062","type":"print"},{"value":"9781643684079","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Ontologies are used in various domains, with RDF and OWL being prominent standards for ontology development. RDF is favored for its simplicity and flexibility, while OWL enables detailed domain knowledge representation. However, as ontologies grow larger and more expressive, reasoning complexity increases, and traditional reasoners struggle to perform efficiently. Despite optimization efforts, scalability remains an issue. Additionally, advancements in automated knowledge base construction have created large and expressive ontologies that are often noisy and inconsistent, posing further challenges for conventional reasoners. To address these challenges, researchers have explored neuro-symbolic approaches that combine neural networks\u2019 learning capabilities with symbolic systems\u2019 reasoning abilities. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the existing literature in the field of neuro-symbolic deductive reasoning supported by RDF(S), the description logics EL and ALC, and OWL 2 RL, discussing the techniques employed, the tasks they address, and other relevant efforts in this area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/faia230134","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,4]],"date-time":"2023-08-04T06:44:26Z","timestamp":1691131466000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Chapter 2. Neuro-Symbolic RDF and Description Logic Reasoners: The State-Of-The-Art and Challenges"],"prefix":"10.3233","author":[{"given":"Gunjan","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Knowledgeable Computing and Reasoning (KRaCR) Lab, IIIT, Delhi, India"}]},{"given":"Sumit","family":"Bhatia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Media and Data Science Research (MDSR) Lab, Adobe Inc, Noida, India"}]},{"given":"Raghava","family":"Mutharaju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Knowledgeable Computing and Reasoning (KRaCR) Lab, IIIT, Delhi, India"}]}],"member":"7437","container-title":["Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications","Compendium of Neurosymbolic Artificial Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ebooks.iospress.nl\/pdf\/doi\/10.3233\/FAIA230134","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,4]],"date-time":"2023-08-04T06:44:27Z","timestamp":1691131467000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ebooks.iospress.nl\/doi\/10.3233\/FAIA230134"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]]},"ISBN":["9781643684062","9781643684079"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/faia230134","relation":{},"ISSN":["0922-6389","1879-8314"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0922-6389","type":"print"},{"value":"1879-8314","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]]}}}