{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,14]],"date-time":"2024-12-14T05:18:13Z","timestamp":1734153493556,"version":"3.30.2"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"IOS Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9781643685618","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]],"date-time":"2024-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733875200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Money is enigmatic. Despite extensive investigation to date, conflicting theories persist regarding its nature. Examples include views that \u201cMoney is a physical object,\u201d \u201cMoney is an abstract concept,\u201d and \u201cMoney is institutional status,\u201d among others. This paper aims to unravel this mystery by engaging in an ontological discourse on the essence of money and constructing a three-layer model that comprises (i) the representation (legitimacy) layer, (ii) the role layer, and (iii) the property layer. In the representation layer, official state-issued objects such as banknotes are examined through the lens of the representation theory. In the role layer, these objects act as monetary role holders, referred to as monetary objects, by playing the monetary role which is inherently social in nature. The three fundamental properties\/functions of money\u2014serving as a unit of economic value, being exchangeable with commodities, and capable of being stored\u2014are inherent in monetary role, and hence in monetary objects. However, these properties\/functions remain latent until they are possessed by agents. The property layer elucidates that money is a contingent property of the owner of monetary objects, who can engage in economic activities by harnessing\/actualizing these three properties\/functions. In summary, our ontological theory of money posits Money as a property, Monetary objects holding the Monetary role, whose player is the Legitimate representing thing issued by the authority. For instance, a freshly minted 20 Euro banknote is a legitimate representing thing, transitioning into a monetary object upon holding the monetary role within the economic context. Its institutional\/causal power becomes operative upon ownership by an agent. Our theory adopts a monistic perspective rather than a dualistic one, facilitated by the above nuanced distinctions made among entities pertaining to \u201cmoney.\u201d Discussion about how our theory works for resolving some of the current issues is presented together with a justification for the observation that money virtually has use value in addition to exchange value.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/faia241301","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]],"date-time":"2024-12-13T10:21:30Z","timestamp":1734085290000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ontological Analysis of Money"],"prefix":"10.3233","author":[{"given":"Riichiro","family":"Mizoguchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST), Japan"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Borgo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Applied Ontology (LOA), ISTC-CNR, Italy"}]},{"given":"Yoshinobu","family":"Kitamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ritsumeikan University, Japan"}]}],"member":"7437","container-title":["Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications","Formal Ontology in Information Systems"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ebooks.iospress.nl\/pdf\/doi\/10.3233\/FAIA241301","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]],"date-time":"2024-12-13T10:21:30Z","timestamp":1734085290000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ebooks.iospress.nl\/doi\/10.3233\/FAIA241301"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]]},"ISBN":["9781643685618"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/faia241301","relation":{},"ISSN":["0922-6389","1879-8314"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0922-6389","type":"print"},{"value":"1879-8314","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]]}}}