{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T22:06:28Z","timestamp":1789077988069,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"IOS Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9781643686806","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Ransomware extortion is both a technical attack and a negotiation in which attackers seek payment and victims try to limit loss, gain time, and test the threat\u2019s credibility. In this paper, we study publicly leaked ransomware negotiations as argumentative dialogues and analyse them through dialogue types, dialogue moves, and argumentation schemes. We use a fully automated, two-stage, LLM-based adjudicated annotation workflow for hostile conversational data, where inferential episodes often span several short messages and do not align with message boundaries. The analysis shows that ransomware negotiation is not mere coercion: negotiation dialogue and practical reasoning dominate, while value appeals, causal forecasts, evidential claims, and procedural manoeuvres also shape the exchange. Hence, ransomware negotiation can be effectively analysed with computational argumentation and such analysis requires methods designed for compressed, strategic, and coercive dialogue.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/faia260803","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T21:07:43Z","timestamp":1789074463000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An Exploratory Inquiry into Arguing Under Extortion"],"prefix":"10.3233","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5439-9561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pietro","family":"Baroni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0755-0358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico","family":"Cerutti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brilant","family":"Gashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4771-4265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Giacomin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9846-0157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Loreggia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9391-9168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrico","family":"Scala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"7437","container-title":["Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications","Computational Models of Argument"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ebooks.iospress.nl\/pdf\/doi\/10.3233\/FAIA260803","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T21:07:44Z","timestamp":1789074464000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ebooks.iospress.nl\/doi\/10.3233\/FAIA260803"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"ISBN":["9781643686806"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/faia260803","relation":{},"ISSN":["0922-6389","1879-8314"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0922-6389","type":"print"},{"value":"1879-8314","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]}}}