{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T01:57:05Z","timestamp":1772243825102,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1-2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]],"date-time":"2014-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388534400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Fundamenta Informaticae"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We discuss an approach for dealing with uncertainty in complex systems. The approach is based on interactive computations over complex objects called here complex granules (c-granules, for short). Any c-granule consists of a physical part and a mental part linked in a special way. We begin from the rough set approach and next we move toward interactive computations on c-granules. From our considerations it follows that the fundamental issues of intelligent systems based on interactive computations are related to risk management in such systems. Our approach is a step toward realization of the Wisdom Technology (WisTech) program. The approach was developed over years of work on different real-life projects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/fi-2014-961","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,3]],"date-time":"2019-12-03T00:43:20Z","timestamp":1575333800000},"page":"69-84","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Perspectives on Uncertainty and Risk in Rough Sets and Interactive Rough-Granular Computing"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"129","author":[{"given":"Andrzej","family":"Jankowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Computer Science, Warsaw University of Technology, Nowowiejska 15\/19, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland. a.jankowski@ii.pw.edu.pl"}]},{"given":"Andrzej","family":"Skowron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mathematics, The University of Warsaw, Banacha 2, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland. skowron@mimuw.edu.pl"}]},{"given":"Roman W.","family":"Swiniarski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive San Diego, CA 92182, USA, and Institute of Computer Science Polish Academy of Sciences, Jana Kazimierza 5, 01-248 Warsaw, Poland. rswiniarski@mail.sdsu.edu"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]]},"container-title":["Fundamenta Informaticae"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3233\/FI-2014-961","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3233\/FI-2014-961","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T06:53:54Z","timestamp":1751352834000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.3233\/FI-2014-961"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1-2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3233\/FI-2014-961"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/fi-2014-961","relation":{},"ISSN":["0169-2968","1875-8681"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0169-2968","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-8681","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]}}}