{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T01:34:50Z","timestamp":1777685690060,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3-4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["HIS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, Deep neural networks (DNNs) have achieved great success in sequence modeling. Several deep models have been used for enhancing Handwriting Text Recognition (HTR). Among these models, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Recurrent Neural network especially Long-Short-Term-Memory (LSTM) networks achieve state-of-the-art recognition accuracy. The recognition methods for Arabic text lines have been widely applied in many specific tasks. However, there are still some potential challenges as the lack of available and large Arabic text recognition dataset and the characteristics of Arabic script. In order to address these challenges, we propose an end-to-end recognition method based on convolutional recurrent neural networks (CRNNs), which adds feature reuse network component on the basis of a CRNN. The model is trained and tested on two Arabic text recognition datasets named KHATT and AHTID\/MW. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves better performance than other methods in the literature.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/his-210009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,26]],"date-time":"2021-06-26T05:20:46Z","timestamp":1624684846000},"page":"113-127","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Densely connected layer to improve VGGnet-based CRNN for Arabic handwriting text line recognition"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Zouhaira","family":"Noubigh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sousse, ISITCom, Sousse, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anis","family":"Mezghani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Higher Institute of Industrial Management, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monji","family":"Kherallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"key":"10.3233\/HIS-210009_ref1","first-page":"457","article-title":"Offline arabic handwriting recognition using deep machine learning: A review of recent advances","author":"Dashtipour","year":"2020","journal-title":"Advances in Brain Inspired Cognitive Systems"},{"key":"10.3233\/HIS-210009_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3193","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-020-03388-7","article-title":"Analysis and comparison of machine learning classifiers and deep neural networks techniques for recognition of Farsi handwritten digits","volume":"77","author":"Nanehkaran","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Journal of Supercomputing"},{"key":"10.3233\/HIS-210009_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2020.114004","article-title":"Towards efficient unconstrained handwriting recognition using dilated temporal convolution network","volume":"164","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"key":"10.3233\/HIS-210009_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1007\/s42979-020-00187-y","article-title":"Survey on segmentation and recognition of handwritten arabic script","volume":"1","author":"Ali","year":"2020","journal-title":"SN Comput Sci"},{"key":"10.3233\/HIS-210009_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1504\/IJISTA.2017.085358","article-title":"Writing type, script and language identification in heterogeneous documents","volume":"16","author":"Mezghani","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Intelligent Systems Technologies and Applications: (IJISTA)"},{"key":"10.3233\/HIS-210009_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2249","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-020-05070-8","article-title":"Arabic handwriting recognition system using convolutional neural network","volume":"33","author":"Altwaijry","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neural Computing and Applications"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/HIS-210009_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.3390\/e23030340","article-title":"Novel deep convolutional neural network-based contextual recognition of arabic handwritten scripts","volume":"23","author":"Ahmed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Entropy (Basel)"},{"key":"10.3233\/HIS-210009_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2015.09.011","article-title":"Open-vocabulary recognition of machine-printed Arabic text using hidden Markov models","volume":"51","author":"Ahmad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/HIS-210009_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2020.105596","article-title":"A review of deep learning with special emphasis on architectures, applications and recent trends","volume":"194","author":"Sengupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Knowledge-Based Syst"},{"key":"10.3233\/HIS-210009_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1145\/3065386","article-title":"Imagenet classification with deep convolutional neural networks","volume":"60","author":"Krizhevsky","year":"2017","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"key":"10.3233\/HIS-210009_ref11","unstructured":"J. Chung, On deep multiscale recurrent neural networks, Ph.D. Dissertation, Montreal University, 2018."},{"key":"10.3233\/HIS-210009_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s10032-019-00348-7","article-title":"MA-CRNN: A multi-scale attention CRNN for Chinese text line recognition in natural scenes","volume":"23","author":"Tong","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition (IJDAR)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/HIS-210009_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2431211.2431222","article-title":"Offline Arabic handwritten text recognition: A survey","volume":"45","author":"Parvez","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACM Computing Surveys"},{"key":"10.3233\/HIS-210009_ref14","first-page":"1","article-title":"Combining statistical and structural approaches for arabic handwriting recognition","author":"Siddhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Conference on Computer and Information Sciences (ICCIS)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/HIS-210009_ref15","first-page":"381","article-title":"Arabic handwriting word recognition based on scale invariant feature transform and support vector machine","volume":"60","author":"Abdul\u00a0Hassan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Iraqi Journal of Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/HIS-210009_ref16","first-page":"467","article-title":"Offline isolated Arabic handwriting character recognition system based on SVM","volume":"16","author":"Kadhm","journal-title":"International Arab Journal of Information Technology (IAJIT)"},{"key":"10.3233\/HIS-210009_ref17","first-page":"958","article-title":"Synchronous multi-stream hidden Markov model for offline Arabic handwriting recognition without explicit segmentation","volume":"214","author":"Jayech","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuro-Computing"},{"key":"10.3233\/HIS-210009_ref18","first-page":"370","article-title":"Contribution on character modelling for handwritten Arabic text recognition","author":"Mezghani","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Afro-European Conference for Industrial Advancement: AECIA"},{"key":"10.3233\/HIS-210009_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2016.05.512","article-title":"A new design based-SVM of the CNN classifier architecture with dropout for offline Arabic handwritten recognition","volume":"80","author":"Elleuch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia Computer Science"},{"key":"10.3233\/HIS-210009_ref20","first-page":"138","article-title":"Deep neural networks features for arabic handwriting recognition","author":"Amrouch","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Conference on Advanced Information Technology, Services and Systems AIT2S"},{"key":"10.3233\/HIS-210009_ref21","first-page":"1","article-title":"Transfer learning to improve Arabic handwriting text Recognition","author":"Noubigh","year":"2020","journal-title":"21st International Arab Conference on Information Technology"},{"key":"10.3233\/HIS-210009_ref22","first-page":"566","article-title":"CNN for handwritten arabic digits recognition based on LeNet-5","author":"El-Sawy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Systems and Informatics AISI"},{"key":"10.3233\/HIS-210009_ref23","first-page":"1","article-title":"Handwritten Arabic numeral recognition using deep learning neural networks","author":"Ashiquzzaman","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE International Conference on Imaging, Vision & Pattern Recognition (icIVPR)"},{"key":"10.3233\/HIS-210009_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1109\/ASAR.2017.8067773","article-title":"Experiment study on utilizing convolutional neural networks to recognize historical Arabic handwritten text","author":"Alaasam","year":"2017","journal-title":"1st International Workshop on Arabic Script Analysis and Recognition (ASAR)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/HIS-210009_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.5455\/jjcit.71-1498142206","article-title":"Arabic handwritten characters recognition based on deep convolutional neural networks","volume":"3","author":"Younis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Jordanian Journal of Computers and Information Technology (JJCIT)"},{"key":"10.3233\/HIS-210009_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9301","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-019-03939-y","article-title":"Bayesian versus convolutional networks for arabic handwriting recognition","volume":"44","author":"Kh\u00e9miri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/HIS-210009_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.4018\/IJMDEM.2019100102","article-title":"Boosting of deep convolutional architectures for Arabic handwriting recognition","volume":"10","author":"Elleuch","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Multimedia Data Engineering and Management (IJMDEM)"},{"key":"10.3233\/HIS-210009_ref28","first-page":"15","article-title":"The impact of visual similarities of Arabic-like scripts regarding learning in an OCR system","author":"Ahmad","year":"2017","journal-title":"14th IAPR International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR)"},{"key":"10.3233\/HIS-210009_ref29","first-page":"31","article-title":"Offline Arabic handwriting recognition using blstms combination","author":"Jemni","year":"2018","journal-title":"3th IAPR International Workshop on Document Analysis Systems (DAS)"},{"key":"10.3233\/HIS-210009_ref30","first-page":"123","article-title":"Contribution on Arabic handwriting recognition using deep neural network","author":"Noubigh","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Conference on Hybrid Intelligent Systems (HIS)"},{"key":"10.3233\/HIS-210009_ref31","first-page":"92","article-title":"Open vocabulary recognition of offline Arabic handwriting text based on deep learning","author":"Noubigh","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Conference on Intelligent Systems Design and Applications (ISDA)"},{"key":"10.3233\/HIS-210009_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2019.05.003","article-title":"Out of vocabulary word detection and recovery in Arabic handwritten text recognition","volume":"93","author":"Khamekhem","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition"},{"key":"10.3233\/HIS-210009_ref33","unstructured":"I. Aziz, Deep learning: An overview of convolutional neural network (CNN), Ph.D. Dissertation, Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences M.Sc, 2020."},{"key":"10.3233\/HIS-210009_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1997.9.8.1735","article-title":"Long short-term memory","volume":"9","author":"Hochreiter","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neural Computation"},{"key":"10.3233\/HIS-210009_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2673","DOI":"10.1109\/78.650093","article-title":"Bidirectional recurrent neural networks","volume":"45","author":"Schuster","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing"},{"key":"10.3233\/HIS-210009_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1145\/1143844.1143891","article-title":"Connectionist temporal classification: Labelling unsegmented sequence data with recurrent neural networks","author":"Graves","year":"2006","journal-title":"ICML \u201906: Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Machine Learning"},{"key":"10.3233\/HIS-210009_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120681","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2937680","article-title":"A hardware-oriented and memory-efficient method for CTC decoding","volume":"7","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.3233\/HIS-210009_ref38","first-page":"253","article-title":"Word beam search: A connectionist temporal classification decoding algorithm","author":"Scheidl","year":"2018","journal-title":"16th International Conference on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition (ICFHR)"},{"key":"10.3233\/HIS-210009_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2013.08.009","article-title":"KHATT: An open Arabic offline handwritten text database","volume":"47","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit"},{"key":"10.3233\/HIS-210009_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1109\/ICFHR.2012.155","article-title":"A database for arabic handwritten text image recognition and writer identification","author":"Mezghani","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Conference on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition"},{"key":"10.3233\/HIS-210009_ref41","first-page":"265","article-title":"TensorFlow: A system for large-scale machine learning","author":"Abadi","year":"2016","journal-title":"12th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI 16), USENIX Association"},{"key":"10.3233\/HIS-210009_ref42","first-page":"26","article-title":"Lecture 6.5-rmsprop: Divide the gradient by a running average of its recent magnitude","volume":"4","author":"Tieleman","year":"2012","journal-title":"COURSERA: Neural Networks for Machine Learning"},{"key":"10.3233\/HIS-210009_ref43","first-page":"1025","article-title":"A comparative study on optical modeling units for off-line Arabic text recognition","author":"BenZeghiba","year":"2017","journal-title":"14th IAPR International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR)"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Hybrid Intelligent Systems"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/HIS-210009","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T08:52:52Z","timestamp":1777452772000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.3233\/HIS-210009"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,22]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3-4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/his-210009","relation":{},"ISSN":["1448-5869","1875-8819"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1448-5869","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-8819","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,22]]}}}