{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T01:35:36Z","timestamp":1777685736459,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]],"date-time":"2024-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714521600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Hybrid Intelligent Systems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The proliferation of interconnected devices is driving a surge in the demand for wireless spectrum. Meeting the need for wireless channel access for every device, while also ensuring consistent quality of service (QoS), poses significant challenges. This is particularly true for resource-limited heterogeneous devices within Internet of Things (IoT) networks. Cognitive radio (CR) technology addresses the shortcomings of traditional fixed channel allocation policies by enabling unlicensed users to opportunistically access unused spectrum belonging to licensed users. This facilitates timely and reliable transmission of mission-critical data packets. A cognitive radio-enabled IoT (CR-IoT) network is poised to better accommodate the growing demands of diverse applications and services within the smart city framework, spanning areas such as healthcare, agriculture, manufacturing, logistics, transportation, environment, public safety, and pharmaceuticals. To minimize switching delays and ensure energy and spectral efficiency, this study proposes a hybrid intelligent system for efficient channel allocation and packet transmission in CR-IoT networks. Leveraging Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), the system dynamically manages spectrum resources to minimize handoffs while upholding QoS. A Java-based simulation integrates system outputs with interference temperature data to accommodate service demands across 2G\u20134G spectrums. Evaluation reveals SVM\u2019s 98.8% accuracy in detecting spectrum holes and ANFIS\u2019s 90.4% accuracy in channel allocation. These results demonstrate significant potential for enhancing spectrum utilization in various IoT applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/his-240009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]],"date-time":"2024-05-24T12:14:24Z","timestamp":1716552864000},"page":"101-117","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Hybrid intelligent system for channel allocation and packet transmission in CR-IoT networks"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0189-737X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel E.","family":"Asuquo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Uyo","place":["Nigeria"]},{"name":"University of Uyo","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Uduak A.","family":"Umoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Uyo","place":["Nigeria"]},{"name":"University of Uyo","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel A.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Uyo","place":["Nigeria"]},{"name":"University of Uyo","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel A.","family":"Dan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Uyo","place":["Nigeria"]},{"name":"University of Uyo","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel S.","family":"Udoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Uyo","place":["Nigeria"]},{"name":"University of Uyo","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2199-5049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kingsley F.","family":"Attai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ritman University","place":["Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","article-title":"Intelligent system for spectrum detection and selection in cognitive radio networks","author":"Umoh U.","year":"2023","unstructured":"UmohU. et al., Intelligent system for spectrum detection and selection in cognitive radio networks, in: Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Hybrid Intelligent Systems (HIS 2023).","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Hybrid Intelligent Systems"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2017.1600404"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"257","article-title":"Future internet: the internet of things architecture, possible applications and key challenges","author":"Khan R.","year":"2012","unstructured":"KhanR. et al., Future internet: the internet of things architecture, possible applications and key challenges, in: Proceedings of 10th International Conference on Frontiers of Information Technology, IEEE, Belfast, (2012), 257\u2013260.","journal-title":"Proceedings of 10th International Conference on Frontiers of Information Technology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","first-page":"856","article-title":"Industrial internet of things (iiot): opportunities, challenges, and requirements in manufacturing businesses in emerging economies","author":"Peter O.","year":"2023","unstructured":"PeterO. PradhanA. and MbohwaC., Industrial internet of things (iiot): opportunities, challenges, and requirements in manufacturing businesses in emerging economies, in: Proceedings of 4textth International Conference on Industry 4.0 and Smart Manufacturing. Elsevier, Amsterdam, (2023), 856\u2013865.","journal-title":"Proceedings of 4textth International Conference on Industry 4.0 and Smart Manufacturing"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13614576.2022.2078396"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/wojast.v15i1.141"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"A genetic scheduling strategy with spatial reuse for dense wireless networks","author":"Fulber-Garcia V.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fulber-GarciaV. EngelF. and DuarteE., A genetic scheduling strategy with spatial reuse for dense wireless networks, International Journal of Hybrid Intelligent Systems (2023), 1\u201315.","journal-title":"International Journal of Hybrid Intelligent Systems"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","first-page":"747","article-title":"Study and application on the architecture and key technologies for iot","author":"Yang Z.","year":"2011","unstructured":"YangZ. et al., Study and application on the architecture and key technologies for iot, in: Proceedings of the International Conference on Multimedia Technology, Hangzhou, China, (2011), 747\u201375.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Multimedia Technology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.2019.2927457"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","first-page":"140","article-title":"A survey on the internet of things software architecture","volume":"6","author":"Gaitan N.-C.","year":"2015","unstructured":"GaitanN.-C. GaitanV. and UngureanI., A survey on the internet of things software architecture, Int J Adv Comput Sci Appl 6(12) (2015), 140\u2013143.","journal-title":"Int J Adv Comput Sci Appl"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eij.2020.02.003"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","first-page":"184","article-title":"Adaptive neuro-fuzzy model for oil pipelines monitoring in a cluster-based sensor network environment","volume":"10","author":"Udoh S.","year":"2018","unstructured":"UdohS. AsuquoD. and InyangU., Adaptive neuro-fuzzy model for oil pipelines monitoring in a cluster-based sensor network environment, World Journal of Applied Science and Technology 10(1B) (2018), 184\u2013190.","journal-title":"World Journal of Applied Science and Technology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","article-title":"Wireless communications for smart manufacturing and industrial iot: existing technologies, 5g, and beyond","author":"Noor-A-Rahim Md.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Noor-A-RahimMd. et al., Wireless communications for smart manufacturing and industrial iot: existing technologies, 5g, and beyond, Preprint (2022).","journal-title":"Preprint"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","first-page":"227","article-title":"Latency: exploring the impact of delay in modern computing systems","volume":"12","author":"Chow A.","year":"2023","unstructured":"ChowA., Latency: exploring the impact of delay in modern computing systems, Int J Sens Netw Data Commun 12(4) (2023), 227.","journal-title":"Int J Sens Netw Data Commun"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2006.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21134511"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3934\/electreng.2022014"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","first-page":"23","article-title":"Efficient channel allocation schemes for cognitive radio networks","volume":"5","author":"Bharatula S.","year":"2014","unstructured":"BharatulaS., Efficient channel allocation schemes for cognitive radio networks, International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research 5(4) (2014), 23\u201342.","journal-title":"International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12988\/ces.2017.7877"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","article-title":"Techniques for dealing with uncertainty in cognitive radio networks","author":"Salahdine F.","year":"2017","unstructured":"SalahdineF. KaabouchN. and GhaziH., Techniques for dealing with uncertainty in cognitive radio networks, in: 7th Annual Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference, IEEE, Las Vegas, United States, (2017).","journal-title":"7th Annual Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su10061764"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s19112522"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.teler.2023.100044"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","first-page":"71","article-title":"Application of combined TOPSIS and AHP method for spectrum selection in cognitive radio by channel characteristic evaluation","volume":"10","author":"Vithalani A.","year":"2017","unstructured":"VithalaniA. and VithalaniC., Application of combined TOPSIS and AHP method for spectrum selection in cognitive radio by channel characteristic evaluation, International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering 10(2) (2017), 71\u201379.","journal-title":"International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ett.4770"},{"issue":"30","key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","first-page":"45","article-title":"Adaptive MAC layer spectrum sensing algorithms for cognitive radio networks","volume":"30","author":"Varalakshmi S.","year":"2014","unstructured":"VaralakshmiS. and ShanmugavelS., Adaptive MAC layer spectrum sensing algorithms for cognitive radio networks, International Journal of Advanced Information Science and Technology 30(30) (2014), 45\u201352.","journal-title":"International Journal of Advanced Information Science and Technology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s17092136"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-021-08392-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","first-page":"199","article-title":"Techniques for spectrum sensing and allocation in cognitive radio networks: a comprehensive review","volume":"47","author":"Robinson S.","year":"2018","unstructured":"RobinsonS. and AsuquoD., Techniques for spectrum sensing and allocation in cognitive radio networks: a comprehensive review, Journal of the Nigerian Association of Mathematical Physics 47 (2018), 199\u2013208.","journal-title":"Journal of the Nigerian Association of Mathematical Physics"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2900233"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.58496\/MJCSC\/2023\/008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4721956","article-title":"Optimization of cognitive radio secondary information gathering station positioning and operating channel selection for iotsensor networks","volume":"2018","author":"Wen J.","year":"2018","unstructured":"WenJ. YangQ. and YooS.-J., Optimization of cognitive radio secondary information gathering station positioning and operating channel selection for iotsensor networks, Mobile Information Systems 2018 (2018), 1\u201312.","journal-title":"Mobile Information Systems"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSE.2018.2877646"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-020-04947-z"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","first-page":"3476","article-title":"Efficient channel allocation for cognitive radio internet of things","volume":"12","author":"Leena K.","year":"2021","unstructured":"LeenaK. and HiremathS., Efficient channel allocation for cognitive radio internet of things, Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education 12(10) (2021), 3476\u20133482.","journal-title":"Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5121\/ijwmn.2014.6407"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-14314-4_18"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","first-page":"340","article-title":"Optimization of spectrum management in a cognitive radio network using fuzzy logic","volume":"11","author":"Mimbeu Y.","year":"2022","unstructured":"MimbeuY. et al., Optimization of spectrum management in a cognitive radio network using fuzzy logic, International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology 11(6) (2022), 340\u2013350.","journal-title":"International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2012.120108"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aej.2024.01.071"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","article-title":"Priority-based spectrum access in cognitive d2d networks for iot","author":"Liu X.","year":"2017","unstructured":"LiuX. and XieJ., Priority-based spectrum access in cognitive d2d networks for iot, IEEE Int Conf Commun (2017).","journal-title":"IEEE Int Conf Commun"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","article-title":"A strategy for opportunistic cognitive channel allocation in wireless internet of things","author":"Shigueta R.","year":"2015","unstructured":"ShiguetaR. et al., A strategy for opportunistic cognitive channel allocation in wireless internet of things, IFIP Wireless Days (2015).","journal-title":"IFIP Wireless Days"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/HIS-230014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/HIS-220012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","article-title":"A survey on machine learning-based mobile big data analysis: challenges and applications","volume":"19","author":"Xie J.","year":"2018","unstructured":"XieJ. et al., A survey on machine learning-based mobile big data analysis: challenges and applications, Wirel Commun Mob Comput 19 (2018).","journal-title":"Wirel Commun Mob Comput"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"First cognitive radio networking standard for personal\/portable devices in TV white spaces","author":"Wang J.","year":"2010","unstructured":"WangJ. SongM. and SanthiveeranS., First cognitive radio networking standard for personal\/portable devices in TV white spaces, in: Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum, IEEE, (2010), 1\u201312.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Hybrid Intelligent Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3233\/HIS-240009","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.3233\/HIS-240009","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3233\/HIS-240009","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T08:53:03Z","timestamp":1777452783000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.3233\/HIS-240009"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3233\/HIS-240009"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/his-240009","relation":{},"ISSN":["1448-5869","1875-8819"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1448-5869","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-8819","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}}}