{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T06:32:09Z","timestamp":1774074729524,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]],"date-time":"2024-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730419200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Hybrid Intelligent Systems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> In the last decade, the world has witnessed remarkable technological development, especially in artificial intelligence, which helps researchers find solutions to problems of concern to the individual and society, mainly, the huge propagation of hate speech with the increased use of social media platforms. In this study, we aim to enhance the detection of Arabic hate speech on social media by addressing challenges related to imbalanced datasets through data augmentation techniques. Several machine learning algorithms and the DziriBert, a pre-trained transformer model, are implemented on the Tunisian Hate Speech and Abusive Dataset (T-HSAB). The proposed approach achieves good results, improving the detection of hateful comments on Arabic social media using the Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique (SMOTE). Notably, the DziriBert model exhibits remarkable proficiency in detecting hate speech, achieving an accuracy of 82%. Random Forest (RF) and Linear SVC outperform the state of the art approaches, achieving the best result. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/his-240012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]],"date-time":"2024-06-28T17:28:21Z","timestamp":1719595701000},"page":"355-368","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["SMOTE for enhancing Tunisian Hate Speech detection on social media with machine learning"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Salwa","family":"Gasmi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National School of Engineers, University of Gabes, Gab\u00e8s, Tunisia"},{"name":"Advanced Technologies for Environment and Smart Cities, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia"}]},{"given":"Anis","family":"Mezghani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Technologies for Environment and Smart Cities, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia"},{"name":"Higher Institute of Industrial Management, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia"}]},{"given":"Monji","family":"Kherallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Technologies for Environment and Smart Cities, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-HIS-240012","first-page":"1","author":"Alrehili A.","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Conference on Computer Systems and Applications"},{"key":"bibr2-HIS-240012","first-page":"466","author":"Mohaouchane H.","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Conference on Social Networks Analysis, Management and Security"},{"key":"bibr3-HIS-240012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.osnem.2020.100096"},{"key":"bibr4-HIS-240012","first-page":"251","author":"Haddad H.","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Conference on Arabic Language Processing"},{"key":"bibr5-HIS-240012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12785\/ijcds\/130177"},{"key":"bibr6-HIS-240012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2023.126232"},{"key":"bibr7-HIS-240012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aej.2023.08.038"},{"key":"bibr8-HIS-240012","first-page":"123","volume":"1179","author":"Noubigh Z.","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Conference on Hybrid Intelligent Systems"},{"key":"bibr9-HIS-240012","first-page":"181","author":"De Paula A.F.M.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Workshop on Open-Source Arabic Corpora and Processing Tools with Shared Tasks on Qur\u2019an QA and Fine-Grained Hate Speech Detection"},{"key":"bibr10-HIS-240012","first-page":"193","author":"Rathpisey H.","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Conference on Science in Information Technology"},{"key":"bibr11-HIS-240012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2806394"},{"key":"bibr12-HIS-240012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-33-4687-1_52"},{"key":"bibr13-HIS-240012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3144266"},{"key":"bibr14-HIS-240012","first-page":"5","author":"Gharbi S.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Workshop on Widening Natural Language Processing"},{"key":"bibr15-HIS-240012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0165551520917651"},{"key":"bibr16-HIS-240012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30935\/ojcmt\/13603"},{"key":"bibr17-HIS-240012","first-page":"1","author":"Marshan A.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Information Systems Frontiers"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr18-HIS-240012","first-page":"085","volume":"16","author":"Elleuch M.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Information Assurance and Security"},{"key":"bibr19-HIS-240012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48175\/IJARSCT-807"},{"key":"bibr20-HIS-240012","unstructured":"PitsilisG.K. RamampiaroH. and LangsethH., Detecting offensive language in tweets using deep learning, arXiv preprintarXiv:1801.04433 (2018), 1\u201317."},{"key":"bibr21-HIS-240012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app12126010"},{"key":"bibr22-HIS-240012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JIFS-231151"},{"key":"bibr23-HIS-240012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3592792"},{"key":"bibr24-HIS-240012","first-page":"187","volume":"1876","author":"Batarfi H.A.","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Conference on Innovations for Community Services"},{"key":"bibr25-HIS-240012","unstructured":"LanasriD. et al. Hate speech detection in Algerian dialect using deep learning, arXiv preprint arXiv:2309.11611 (2023), 1\u201314."},{"key":"bibr26-HIS-240012","first-page":"161","author":"Alotaibi A.","year":"2020","journal-title":"International conference of smart systems and emerging technologies"},{"key":"bibr27-HIS-240012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2021.05.092"},{"key":"bibr28-HIS-240012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3336311"},{"key":"bibr29-HIS-240012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BerrimiM. et al. A comparative study of effective approaches for Arabic text classification, Available at SSRN 4361591 (2023), 1\u201331.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4361591"},{"key":"bibr30-HIS-240012","author":"Gasmi S.","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Conference on Intelligent Systems Design and Applications"},{"key":"bibr31-HIS-240012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-019-04436-y"},{"issue":"14","key":"bibr32-HIS-240012","first-page":"91","volume":"15","author":"Khalafat M.","year":"2021","journal-title":"iJIM"},{"key":"bibr33-HIS-240012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksuci.2024.101961"},{"key":"bibr34-HIS-240012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2005.50"},{"key":"bibr35-HIS-240012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1613\/jair.953"},{"key":"bibr36-HIS-240012","first-page":"241","volume":"1940","author":"Siagh A.","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Conference on Intelligent Systems and Pattern Recognition"},{"key":"bibr37-HIS-240012","first-page":"268","volume":"15","author":"Maalej R.","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Information Systems and Industrial Management Applications"},{"key":"bibr38-HIS-240012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app122211388"},{"key":"bibr39-HIS-240012","author":"Gao J.I.E.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Master\u2019s Thesis Dissertation, KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science"},{"key":"bibr40-HIS-240012","first-page":"551","volume":"12319","author":"Queiroz Abonizio H.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brazilian Conference on Intelligent Systems"},{"key":"bibr41-HIS-240012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"WeiJ. and ZouK., Eda: Easy data augmentation techniques for boosting performance on text classification tasks, arXiv preprint arXiv:1901.11196 (2019), 6382\u20136388.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D19-1670"},{"key":"bibr42-HIS-240012","unstructured":"MansourifarH. and ShiDeepW., synthetic minority over-sampling technique, arXiv preprint arXiv:2003.09788 16 (2020), 321\u201357."},{"key":"bibr43-HIS-240012","first-page":"157","author":"Liu L.","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Conference on Robots and Intelligent System, IEEE"},{"key":"bibr44-HIS-240012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAMD.2015.2431497"},{"key":"bibr45-HIS-240012","first-page":"394","volume":"10450","author":"Effrosynidis D.","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Conference on Theory and Practice of Digital Libraries"},{"key":"bibr46-HIS-240012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0240924"},{"key":"bibr47-HIS-240012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.05.051"},{"key":"bibr48-HIS-240012","first-page":"10","volume":"4","author":"Jabbar M.A.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Network and Innovative Computing"},{"key":"bibr49-HIS-240012","unstructured":"AsogwaD.C. et al. Hate speech classification using SVM and naive BAYES, arXiv preprint arXiv:2204.07057 9(1) (2022), 27\u201334."},{"key":"bibr50-HIS-240012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/830\/3\/032006"},{"key":"bibr51-HIS-240012","unstructured":"AbdaouiA. et al. Dziribert: a pre-trained language model for the algerian dialect, arXiv preprint, arXiv:2109.12346 (2021), 1\u20136."},{"key":"bibr52-HIS-240012","first-page":"116","author":"Bouchene M.M.","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Conference on Decision Aid Sciences and Applications"},{"key":"bibr53-HIS-240012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2010.07.146"},{"key":"bibr54-HIS-240012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0118432"},{"key":"bibr55-HIS-240012","unstructured":"HusainF., Arabic offensive language detection using machine learning and ensemble machine learning approaches, arXiv preprint arXiv:2005.08946 (2020), 1\u20135."},{"key":"bibr56-HIS-240012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43926-023-00030-9"},{"key":"bibr57-HIS-240012","first-page":"1978","author":"Messaoudi A.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Workshop on Semantic Evaluation"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Hybrid Intelligent Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3233\/HIS-240012","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.3233\/HIS-240012","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3233\/HIS-240012","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T19:37:26Z","timestamp":1741635446000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.3233\/HIS-240012"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3233\/HIS-240012"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/his-240012","relation":{},"ISSN":["1448-5869","1875-8819"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1448-5869","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-8819","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}}}