{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T20:54:17Z","timestamp":1781643257483,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper advocates for a constructivist approach to symbiosis to restore human-centredness in the governance of Symbiotic Artificial Intelligence (SAI). Challenging rigid, deterministic foundational methods warns against the risk of divorcing ethics from mere adherence to moral principles. Instead, it calls for a shift towards a distributed, contextual, relational, and dialectical structure to embody human-centredness. Through an analysis of the SAI landscape and its interplay between social and technological factors, the paper argues for a reconceptualisation of theoretical foundation and human responsibility within the socio-technical perspective. Chapter 2 delves into foundational issues of SAI, questioning the application of biological categories and proposing patterns of SAI based on definitions of intelligent life. Chapter 3 explores the potential of a constructivist approach, emphasising flexibility and context awareness, and presents a framework for understanding and evaluating SAI systems, components of an evolving methodology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/ia-240034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]],"date-time":"2024-06-25T11:37:30Z","timestamp":1719315450000},"page":"9-20","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A human-centred approach to symbiotic AI: Questioning the ethical and conceptual foundation"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Antonio","family":"Carnevale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Humanistic Research and Innovation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Lombardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Humanistic Research and Innovation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca A.","family":"Lisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/IA-240034_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intcom.2010.07.003","article-title":"Socio-technical systems: From design methods to systems engineering","volume":"23","author":"Baxter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Interacting with Computers"},{"key":"10.3233\/IA-240034_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3367","DOI":"10.1007\/s11229-020-02938-z","article-title":"Hybrid Collective Intentionality","volume":"199","author":"Brouwer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Synthese"},{"key":"10.3233\/IA-240034_ref6","unstructured":"Carnevale A. , Lombardi A. , Lisi F.A. , Exploring Ethical and Conceptual Foundations of Human-Centred Symbiosis with Artificial Intelligence. In Boella G. , D\u2019Asaro F.A. , Dyoub A. , Gorrieri L. , Lisi F.A. , Manganini C. , Primiero G. : Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Bias, Ethical AI, Explainability and the role of Logic and Logic Programming co-located with the 22nd International Conference of the Italian Association for Artificial Intelligence (AI*IA 2023), Rome, Italy, November 6, 2023. CEUR Workshop Proceedings 3615, CEUR-WS.org 2023:30\u201343. URL: https:\/\/ceur-ws.org\/Vol-3615\/paper3.pdf"},{"key":"10.3233\/IA-240034_ref7","first-page":"7","article-title":"Singularity","volume":"17","author":"Chalmers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Consciousness Studies"},{"key":"10.3233\/IA-240034_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coeckelbergh M. , AI Ethics, MIT Press, Boston, 2020.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/12549.001.0001"},{"key":"10.3233\/IA-240034_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1038\/538311a","article-title":"There is a blind spot in AI research","volume":"538","author":"Crawford","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.3233\/IA-240034_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crawford K. , Atlas of AI: Power, Politics, and the Planetary Costs of Artificial Intelligence, Yale University Press, Yale, 2022.","DOI":"10.12987\/9780300252392"},{"key":"10.3233\/IA-240034_ref12","unstructured":"De Anna G. , et al., Filosofia morale. Fondamenti, metodi, sfide pratiche, Le Monnier, Firenze, 2019."},{"key":"10.3233\/IA-240034_ref13","unstructured":"De Collibus F.M. , Are Large Language Models \u201calive\u201d?, 2023. URL: https:\/\/philpapers.org\/archive\/DECALL.pdf"},{"key":"10.3233\/IA-240034_ref14","unstructured":"Dennett D.C. , From Bacteria to Bach and Back. The Evolution of Minds, Penguin Books, London, 2018."},{"key":"10.3233\/IA-240034_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28573","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2831228","article-title":"Multi-Agent Systems: A Survey","volume":"6","author":"Dorri","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.3233\/IA-240034_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dyoub A. , Costantini S. , Letteri I. , Lisi F.A. , A logic-based multi-agent system for ethical monitoring and evaluation of dialogues, in: Formisano A. , Liu Y.A. , Bogaerts B. , Brik A. , Dahl V. , Dodaro C. , Fodor P. , Pozzato G.L. , Vennekens J. , Zhou N. (Eds.), Proceedings 37th International Conference on Logic Programming (Technical Communications), ICLP Technical Communications 2021, Porto (virtual event), 20\u201327th September 2021, volume 345 of EPTCS, 2021, pp. 182\u2013188. URL: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4204\/EPTCS.345.32","DOI":"10.4204\/EPTCS.345.0"},{"key":"10.3233\/IA-240034_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1007\/s44206-022-00026-y","article-title":"Learning Domain Ethical Principles from Interactions with Users","volume":"1","author":"Dyoub","year":"2022","journal-title":"Digital Society"},{"key":"10.3233\/IA-240034_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edwards L. , Veale M. , Slave to the algorithm? Why a right to explanation is probably not the remedy you are looking for, 16 Duke Law & Technology Review 18 (2017), Available at SSRN. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.2972855","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2972855"},{"key":"10.3233\/IA-240034_ref20","unstructured":"European Commission, Building Trust in Human-Centric Artificial Intelligence. COM\/2019\/168 final, Brussels, 2019. URL: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX%3A52019DC0168"},{"key":"10.3233\/IA-240034_ref21","unstructured":"European Commission, White Paper on Artificial Intelligence: A European approach to excellence and trust, Brussels, 2020. URL: https:\/\/commission.europa.eu\/publications\/white-paper-artificial-intelligence-european-approach-excellence-and-trust_en"},{"key":"10.3233\/IA-240034_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feenberg A. , Technosystem:The Social Life of Reason, Harvard University Press, 2017.","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674982109"},{"key":"10.3233\/IA-240034_ref24","unstructured":"Floridi L. , The 4th Revolution: How the Infosphere is Reshaping Human Reality, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2014."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/IA-240034_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-018-9482-5","article-title":"AI4People \u2013 An Ethical Framework for a Good AI Society: Opportunities, Risks, Principles, and Recommendations","volume":"28","author":"Floridi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Minds and Machines"},{"key":"10.3233\/IA-240034_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Floridi L. , The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2023.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198883098.001.0001"},{"key":"10.3233\/IA-240034_ref27","unstructured":"Fry H. , Hello World: Being Human in the Age of Algorithms, W. W. Norton & Company, New York, 2018."},{"key":"10.3233\/IA-240034_ref28","first-page":"255","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence for Advanced Human-Machine Symbiosis","author":"Grigsby","year":"2018","journal-title":"Augmented Cognition: Intelligent Technologies"},{"key":"10.3233\/IA-240034_ref29","first-page":"1","article-title":"Technosymbiosis: Figuring (Out) Our Relations to AI","author":"Hayles","year":"2023","journal-title":"Feminist AI"},{"key":"10.3233\/IA-240034_ref30","unstructured":"HLEGAI, Ethics guidelines for trustworthy AI, Brussels, 2018\u20132019. URL: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/digital-single-market\/en\/news\/ethics-guidelines-trustworthy-ai"},{"key":"10.3233\/IA-240034_ref31","unstructured":"Ihde D. , Technology and the lifeworld: From garden to earth, Indiana University Press, 1990."},{"key":"10.3233\/IA-240034_ref32","unstructured":"James Wilson H. , Daugherty P.R. , Creating the Symbiotic AI Workforce of the Future, MIT Sloan Management Review, 21 October (2019). URL: https:\/\/sloanreview.mit.edu\/article\/creating-the-symbiotic-ai-workforce-of-the-future\/"},{"key":"10.3233\/IA-240034_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katell M. , et al., Toward situated interventions for algorithmic equity: Lessons from the field. Proceedings of the Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency, Fat* 19, ACM Press, 2020, pp. 45\u201355. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3351095.3372874","DOI":"10.1145\/3351095.3372874"},{"issue":"5563","key":"10.3233\/IA-240034_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2215","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1068489","article-title":"The seven pillars of life","volume":"295","author":"Koshland","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.3233\/IA-240034_ref35","unstructured":"Kotipalli P. , Symbiotic Artificial Intelligence, 22 June, 2019. URL: https:\/\/p13i.io\/posts\/2019\/06\/symbiotic-ai\/"},{"key":"10.3233\/IA-240034_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Latour B. , Reassembling the social: An introduction to actor-network-theory, Oxford University Press, 2005.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780199256044.001.0001"},{"key":"10.3233\/IA-240034_ref37","unstructured":"Lee K.F. , Qiufan C. , AI 2041: Ten Visions For Our Future, Penguin Random House, New York, 2021."},{"key":"10.3233\/IA-240034_ref38","first-page":"155","article-title":"Are Robots Alive?","author":"L\u00e9vy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Human-Robot Intimate Relationships"},{"key":"10.3233\/IA-240034_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1109\/THFE2.1960.4503259","article-title":"Man-Computer Symbiosis","volume":"HFE-1","author":"Licklider","year":"1960","journal-title":"IRE Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics"},{"key":"10.3233\/IA-240034_ref40","first-page":"37","article-title":"Vertebrate Intelligence: The Null Hypothesis","volume":"308","author":"Macphail","year":"1985","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, Biological Sciences"},{"key":"10.3233\/IA-240034_ref41","unstructured":"Manzotti R. , Rossi S. , IO & IA Rubbettino, Soveria Mannelli, 2023."},{"key":"10.3233\/IA-240034_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maturana H.R. , Varela F.J. , Autopoiesis and Cognition. The Realisation of the Living, Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, 1980.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-8947-4"},{"key":"10.3233\/IA-240034_ref44","unstructured":"Mayr E. , The Growth of Biological Thought, Harvard University Press and Belknap, Cambridge, 1982."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.3233\/IA-240034_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4642","DOI":"10.3390\/su11174642","article-title":"Constructivism-Based Methodology for Teaching Artificial Intelligence Topics Focused on Sustainable Development","volume":"11","author":"Mota-Valtierra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/IA-240034_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-019-00165-5","article-title":"From What to How: An Initial Review of Publicly Available AI Ethics Tools, Methods and Research to Translate Principles into Practices","volume":"26","author":"Morley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science and Engineering Ethics"},{"key":"10.3233\/IA-240034_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Natale S. , Deceitful Media: Artificial Intelligence and Social Life after the Turing, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2021.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780190080365.001.0001"},{"key":"10.3233\/IA-240034_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"OECD, Framework for classifying AI systems, OECD Digital Economy Papers 323 (2022), OECD Publishing, Paris. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/cb6d9eca-en","DOI":"10.1787\/cb6d9eca-en"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.3233\/IA-240034_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1177\/0170840607081138","article-title":"Sociomaterial Practices: Exploring Technology at Work","volume":"28","author":"Orlikowski","year":"2007","journal-title":"Organization Studies"},{"key":"10.3233\/IA-240034_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1145\/3600211.3604705","article-title":"Factoring the Matrix of Domination: A Critical Review and Reimagination of Intersectionality in AI Fairness","author":"Ovalle","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 2023 AAAI\/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society"},{"key":"10.3233\/IA-240034_ref51","unstructured":"Paluch M. , Laying The Foundation For Symbiosis Between Humans And Machines, Forbes, 18 December (2019). URL: https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/forbestechcouncil\/2019\/12\/18\/laying-the-foundation-for-symbiosis-between-humans-and-machines\/?sh=3f4ab8682997"},{"key":"10.3233\/IA-240034_ref52","unstructured":"Ponda J.P. , Artificial Intelligence (AI) through Symbiosis, Undergraduate Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2022."},{"key":"10.3233\/IA-240034_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Russo F. , Techno-Scientific Practices: An Informational Approach, Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham, 2022.","DOI":"10.5771\/9781786612342"},{"key":"10.3233\/IA-240034_ref54","unstructured":"Saracco R. , Madhavan R. , Mason Dambrot S. , de Kerchove D. , Coughlin T. , Symbiotic Autonomous Systems. A FDC Initiative, White Paper, IEEE, 2017. URL: https:\/\/digitalreality.ieee.org\/images\/files\/pdf\/sas-white-paper-final-nov12-2017.pdf"},{"key":"10.3233\/IA-240034_ref55","unstructured":"Sartor G. , L\u201cinformatica giuridica e le tecnologie dell\u201d informazione, 3th edition, Giappichelli, Torino, 2016."},{"key":"10.3233\/IA-240034_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Selbst A.D. , et al., Fairness and abstraction in sociotechnical systems, Proceedings of the Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency, Fat*19, ACM Press, 2019, pp. 59\u201368. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3287560.3287598","DOI":"10.1145\/3287560.3287598"},{"key":"10.3233\/IA-240034_ref57","unstructured":"Shafer-Landau R. , The Fundamentals of Ethics, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2017."},{"key":"10.3233\/IA-240034_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2019.04.019","article-title":"Role of fairness, accountability, and transparency in algorithmic affordance","volume":"98","author":"Shin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"10.3233\/IA-240034_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siegmann C. , Anderljung M. , The Brussels Effect and Artificial Intelligence, Centre for the Governance of AI, Oxford, 2022. URL: https:\/\/cdn.governance.ai\/Brussels_Effect_GovAI.pdf","DOI":"10.33774\/apsa-2022-vxtsl"},{"key":"10.3233\/IA-240034_ref60","unstructured":"Singer P. (ed.), In defence of animals, Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 1985."},{"key":"10.3233\/IA-240034_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511730191.021","article-title":"Learning from Functionalism: Prospects for Strong Artificial Life","author":"Sober","year":"1991","journal-title":"Artificial Life II"},{"key":"10.3233\/IA-240034_ref62","unstructured":"Starner T. , Using Wearable Devices to Teach Computers, AWE Europe, 2017. URL: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=hi9RYBaPVPI"},{"key":"10.3233\/IA-240034_ref63","unstructured":"UNESCO, Ethical impact assessment: a tool of the Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence, Paris, 2023. URL: https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/ark:\/48223\/pf0000386276"},{"key":"10.3233\/IA-240034_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verbeek P.-P. , Moralising technology: Understanding and designing the morality of things, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2011.","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226852904.001.0001"},{"key":"10.3233\/IA-240034_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s13347-019-00355-w","article-title":"Democratising algorithmic fairness","volume":"33","author":"Wong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Philosophy & Technology"}],"container-title":["Intelligenza Artificiale"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/IA-240034","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T10:51:52Z","timestamp":1777459912000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.medra.org\/servlet\/aliasResolver?alias=iospress&doi=10.3233\/IA-240034"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Andrea","family":"Brunello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]},{"given":"Danilo","family":"Croce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/ia-240034","relation":{},"ISSN":["1724-8035","2211-0097"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1724-8035","type":"print"},{"value":"2211-0097","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]]}}}