{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T21:50:35Z","timestamp":1768081835492,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ICA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,6]]},"DOI":"10.3233\/ica-170538","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,17]],"date-time":"2017-01-17T17:30:02Z","timestamp":1484674202000},"page":"171-185","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Layer multiplexing FPGA implementation for deep back-propagation learning"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Francisco","family":"Ortega-Zamorano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Languages and Computer Science, University of M\u00e1laga, M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"School of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Yachay Tech, San Miguel de Urcuqu\u00ed, Ecuador"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"Jerez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Languages and Computer Science, University of M\u00e1laga, M\u00e1laga, Spain"}]},{"given":"Iv\u00e1n","family":"G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Languages and Computer Science, University of M\u00e1laga, M\u00e1laga, Spain"}]},{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Languages and Computer Science, University of M\u00e1laga, M\u00e1laga, Spain"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/ICA-170538_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1996.8.3.643","article-title":"The effects of adding noise during backpropagation training on a generalization performance","volume":"8","author":"An","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neural Computation"},{"key":"10.3233\/ICA-170538_ref2","volume-title":"The Designer's Guide to VHDL, Volume 3, Third Edition (Systems on Silicon) (Systems on Silicon)","author":"Ashenden","year":"2008"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/ICA-170538_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1109\/72.279181","article-title":"Learning long-term dependencies with gradient descent is difficult","volume":"5","author":"Bengio","year":"1994","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks"},{"key":"10.3233\/ICA-170538_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/0471786411","volume-title":"RTL Hardware Design Using VHDL: Coding for Efficiency, Portability, and Scalability","author":"Chu","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.3233\/ICA-170538_ref5","first-page":"1766","article-title":"Training deep convolutional neural networks to play go","volume":"37","author":"Clark","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 32nd International Conference on Machine Learning"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/ICA-170538_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2009.2033097","article-title":"Direct neural-network hardware-implementation algorithm","volume":"57","author":"Dinu","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics"},{"key":"10.3233\/ICA-170538_ref8","unstructured":"Glorot X. and Bengio Y., Understanding the difficulty of training deep feedforward neural networks, in: Proceedings of the International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics (AISTATS'10), Society for Artificial Intelligence and Statistics, (2010), 249-256."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/ICA-170538_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2010.2085006","article-title":"Development and implementation of parameterized fpga-based general purpose neural networks for online applications","volume":"7","author":"Gomperts","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/ICA-170538_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.3233\/ICA-130461","article-title":"Parallel implementation of a real-time high dynamic range video system","volume":"21","author":"Guthier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Integrated Computer-Aided Engineering"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/ICA-170538_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1021\/ci0342472","article-title":"The problem of overfitting","volume":"44","author":"Hawkins","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences"},{"key":"10.3233\/ICA-170538_ref12","volume-title":"Neural Networks: A Comprehensive Foundation","author":"Haykin","year":"1998"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/ICA-170538_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1109\/TNN.2007.891626","article-title":"Feedforward neural network implementation in fpga using layer multiplexing for effective resource utilization","volume":"18","author":"Himavathi","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.3233\/ICA-170538_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.2006.18.7.1527","article-title":"A fast learning algorithm for deep belief nets","volume":"18","author":"Hinton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neural Comput"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/ICA-170538_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1109\/72.105415","article-title":"Using additive noise in back-propagation training","volume":"3","author":"Holmstrom","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neural Networks, IEEE Transactions on"},{"key":"10.3233\/ICA-170538_ref16","unstructured":"Hundt R., Loop recognition in c++\/java\/go\/scala, in: Proceedings of Scala Days 2011, (2011)."},{"key":"10.3233\/ICA-170538_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iandola F., Ashraf K., Moskewicz M. and Keutzer K., Firecaffe: Near-linear acceleration of deep neural network training on compute clusters, in: Proceeedings of the 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR).","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.284"},{"key":"10.3233\/ICA-170538_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470127896","volume-title":"Advanced FPGA Design: Architecture, Implementation, and Optimization","author":"Kilts","year":"2007"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/ICA-170538_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1145\/2539125","article-title":"A fully pipelined fpga architecture of a factored restricted boltzmann machine artificial neural network","volume":"7","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACM Trans Reconfigurable Technol Syst"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.3233\/ICA-170538_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3167","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2009.2037650","article-title":"Neural-network-based low-speed-damping controller for stepper motor with an fpga","volume":"57","author":"Le","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.3233\/ICA-170538_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.1109\/TNN.2010.2073481","article-title":"High-performance reconfigurable hardware architecture for restricted boltzmann machines","volume":"21","author":"LeLy","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks"},{"issue":"7553","key":"10.3233\/ICA-170538_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14539","article-title":"Deep learning","volume":"521","author":"LeCun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.3233\/ICA-170538_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2013.2263557","article-title":"Neural network approaches for noisy language modeling","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neural Networks and Learning Systems, IEEE Transactions on"},{"key":"10.3233\/ICA-170538_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/189368","article-title":"An optimal implementation on fpga of a hopfield neural network","volume":"2011","author":"Mansour","year":"2011","journal-title":"Advances in Artificial Neural Systems"},{"key":"10.3233\/ICA-170538_ref25","volume-title":"Elements of Artificial Neural Networks","author":"Mehrotra","year":"1997"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/ICA-170538_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1109\/72.238328","article-title":"Synaptic weight noise during multilayer perceptron training: Fault tolerance and training improvements","volume":"4","author":"Murray","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neural Networks, IEEE Transactions on"},{"key":"10.3233\/ICA-170538_ref28","unstructured":"U. of California Irvine, Machine learning repository, http:\/\/ archive.ics.uci.edu\/ml\/."},{"key":"10.3233\/ICA-170538_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/0-387-28487-7","volume-title":"FPGA Implementations of Neural Networks","author":"Omondi","year":"2006"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/ICA-170538_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2011.2158843","article-title":"Fpga implementation of the multilayer neural network for the speed estimation of the two-mass drive system","volume":"7","author":"Orlowska-Kowalska","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.3233\/ICA-170538_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1840","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2015.2460991","article-title":"Efficient implementation of the backpropagation algorithm in fpgas and microcontrollers","volume":"27","author":"Ortega-Zamorano","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/ICA-170538_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2013.2294137","article-title":"Fpga implementation of the c-mantec neural network constructive algorithm","volume":"10","author":"Ortega-Zamorano","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics"},{"key":"10.3233\/ICA-170538_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-19222-2_17","article-title":"Fpga implementation comparison between c-mantec and back-propagation neural network algorithms","volume":"9095","author":"Ortega-Zamorano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Advances in Computational Intelligence"},{"key":"10.3233\/ICA-170538_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1109\/INTELES.2014.7008986","article-title":"High precision fpga implementation of neural network activation functions","author":"Ortega-Zamorano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Intelligent Embedded Systems (IES), 2014 IEEE Symposium on"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/ICA-170538_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.3233\/ICA-140477","article-title":"Adaptive learning in agents behaviour: A framework for electricity markets simulation","volume":"21","author":"Pinto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Integr Comput-Aided Eng"},{"key":"10.3233\/ICA-170538_ref36","volume-title":"Neural Smithing: Supervised Learning in Feedforward Artificial Neural Networks","author":"Reed","year":"1998"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/ICA-170538_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.3233\/ICA-130426","article-title":"A supervised method for microcalcification cluster diagnosis","volume":"20","author":"Rizzi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Integr Comput-Aided Eng"},{"issue":"6088","key":"10.3233\/ICA-170538_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1038\/323533a0","article-title":"Learning representations by back-propagating errors","volume":"323","author":"Rumelhart","year":"1986","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/ICA-170538_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1109\/TNN.2006.883002","article-title":"The impact of arithmetic representation on implementing mlp-bp on fpgas: A study","volume":"18","author":"Savich","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks"},{"key":"10.3233\/ICA-170538_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2014.09.003","article-title":"Deep learning in neural networks: An overview","volume":"61","author":"Schmidhuber","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neural Networks"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/ICA-170538_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2012.2183833","article-title":"Real-time nonlinear parameter estimation using the levenberg-marquardt algorithm on field programmable gate arrays","volume":"60","author":"Shawash","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics"},{"key":"10.3233\/ICA-170538_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6301","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2012.6352700","article-title":"Artificial neural network (ann) beyond cots remote sensing packages: Implementation of extreme learning machine (elm) in matlab","author":"Shrestha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), 2012 IEEE International"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/ICA-170538_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.3233\/ICA-2009-0309","article-title":"Demonstrable differential power analysis attacks on real-world fpga-based embedded systems","volume":"16","author":"Sun","year":"2009","journal-title":"Integr Comput-Aided Eng"},{"key":"10.3233\/ICA-170538_ref44","volume-title":"Parallel Architectures for Artificial Neural Networks: Paradigms and Implementations","author":"Sundararajan","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.3233\/ICA-170538_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wen H., Xie W. and Pei J., A pre-radical basis function with deep back propagation neural network research, in: Signal Processing (ICSP), 2014 12th International Conference on, (Oct 2014), 1489-1494.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICOSP.2014.7015247"}],"container-title":["Integrated Computer-Aided Engineering"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/ICA-170538","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T10:38:27Z","timestamp":1741689507000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.3233\/ICA-170538"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,6]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/ica-170538","relation":{},"ISSN":["1069-2509","1875-8835"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1069-2509","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-8835","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,6]]}}}