{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T03:46:24Z","timestamp":1777693584260,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2-3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ICG"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>On August 31, 1970, an experiment began that continues to this day. The first chess tournament for computers was held as part of the Association for Computing Machinery\u2019s (ACM\u2019s) National Conference. The interest generated was tremendous, leading to ACM sponsoring an annual event until 1994. Chess competitions continue to this day, allowing for 50 years of data on the growth of artificial intelligence capabilities in this domain. During this period, program ratings have soared from roughly 1400 in 1970 to over 3500 today. The 1970 event was the first continuous competition in computer science history, and it represents the longest ongoing experiment in computing history.11 Some paragraphs of the text have been taken from Man vs. Machine: Challenging Human Supremacy at Chess by Karsten M\u00fcller and Jonathan Schaeffer [2018].<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/icg-200149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,28]],"date-time":"2020-07-28T14:46:28Z","timestamp":1595947588000},"page":"72-85","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The 1970 United States computer chess championship: The\u00a0start of the longest-running experiment in computer science history"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Schaeffer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alberta"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"key":"10.3233\/ICG-200149_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baylor, G. & Simon, H. (1966). A chess mating combinations program. In Proceedings of the Spring Joint Computer Conference (pp. 431\u2013447).","DOI":"10.1145\/1464182.1464233"},{"key":"10.3233\/ICG-200149_ref2","unstructured":"Berliner, H. (1970a). Experiences gained in constructing and testing a chess program. In IEEE Symposium on System Science and Cybernetics (pp. 216\u2013223)."},{"key":"10.3233\/ICG-200149_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kozdrowicki, E.W. (1968). An adaptive tree pruning system: A language for programming tree searches. In Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Conference of the ACM (pp. 725\u2013735).","DOI":"10.1145\/800186.810637"},{"key":"10.3233\/ICG-200149_ref12","unstructured":"Martin, G.R.R. (1972). In \u201cThe Computer Was a Fish,\u201d Analog Science Fiction \u2013 Science Fact (pp. 61\u201374)."},{"key":"10.3233\/ICG-200149_ref13","unstructured":"Mittman, B. (1971). Computer Chess Programs (Panel), Computer History Museum."},{"key":"10.3233\/ICG-200149_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mittman, B. (1977). A brief history of computer chess tournaments: 1970\u20131975. In Chess Skill in Man and Machine. Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-06239-5_1"},{"key":"10.3233\/ICG-200149_ref15","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, K. & Schaeffer, J. (2018). Man Vs. Machine: Challenging Human Supremacy at Chess. Russell Enterprises, Inc."},{"key":"10.3233\/ICG-200149_ref16","unstructured":"Newborn, M. (1975). Computer Chess. Academic Press."},{"key":"10.3233\/ICG-200149_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1147\/rd.33.0210","article-title":"Some studies in machine learning using the game of checkers","volume":"3","author":"Samuel","year":"1959","journal-title":"IBM Journal of Research and Development"},{"key":"10.3233\/ICG-200149_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1147\/rd.116.0601","article-title":"Some studies in machine learning using the game of checkers \u2013 recent progress","volume":"11","author":"Samuel","year":"1967","journal-title":"IBM Journal of Research and Development"},{"issue":"6419","key":"10.3233\/ICG-200149_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aar6404","article-title":"A general reinforcement learning algorithm that masters chess, shogi, and go through self-play","volume":"362","author":"Silver","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.3233\/ICG-200149_ref21","unstructured":"Slate, D. & Atkin, L. (1977). Chess 4.5 \u2013 the Northwestern University chess program. In P. Frey (Ed.), Chess Skill in Man and Machine. Springer."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/ICG-200149_ref23","first-page":"200","article-title":"An interview with Richard D. 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