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Building upon this foundation, we introduce a temporal dimension to the opinion evolution, integrating the time sunk cost with the opinion evolution process. Furthermore, we devise an agent partitioning method that categorizes agents into four states based on their opinion values: watch state, subjective state, firm state, and extreme state, with extreme state agents generally expressing radical opinions. We constructed an agent network based on the phenomenon of time sunk costs and proposed a model for the evolution of extreme opinions in this network. Our study found that the information sharing among extreme agents significantly influences the extremization of opinions in various networks. After restricting the exchange of opinions on extreme agents, the number of extreme agents in the network decreased by 40% to 50% compared to the initial situation. Additionally, we also discovered that imposing restrictions on extreme agents in the early stages can help increase the possibility of network opinions moving towards neutral positions. When restriction of extreme agents(REA) was performed at the beginning of the experiment compared to REA in the midway of the experiment, the final number of extreme state agents decreased by 15.57%. The results show that extreme agents have a great influence on the spread and evolution of extreme opinions on platforms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/ida-230677","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]],"date-time":"2024-04-12T15:34:10Z","timestamp":1712936050000},"page":"1627-1646","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["An evolutionary approach to extreme individual impact opinions based on time sunk costs"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Zhuo","family":"Feng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yajun","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jiaming","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Xianyong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Xiaoliang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Chunzhi","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/IDA-230677_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.81.591","article-title":"Statistical physics of social dynamics","volume":"81","author":"Castellano","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reviews of Modern Physics"},{"key":"10.3233\/IDA-230677_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2019.06.060","article-title":"Opinion community detection and opinion leader detection based on text information and network topology in cloud environment","volume":"504","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Information Sciences"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/IDA-230677_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1142\/S0129183110015373","article-title":"Evolution of extremist opinions in a population of interacting agents","volume":"21","author":"Boccara","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Modern Physics C"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.3233\/IDA-230677_ref4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Opinion expression dynamics in social media chat groups: An integrated quasi-experimental and agent-based model approach","volume":"2021","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Complexity"},{"key":"10.3233\/IDA-230677_ref6","unstructured":"G. Deffuant, F. Amblard, G. Weisbuch and T. Faure, How can extremism prevail? 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