{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T04:49:06Z","timestamp":1777697346752,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IDT"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs), setting up an ideal and proficient route linking the conveying bodies is the essential objective of the routing protocols. But any assault during the routing stage may upset the communication, paralyzing the whole network. So, providing security in routing for a protected communication between nodes has become a prime concern. In the present study, we propose a Secure Energy Efficient Ant Routing Algorithm (SEEARA) based on Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithm and cryptographic primitives that exercises on power control and secure routing between a pair of network nodes and increases the performance and longevity of the network. Also, it can be realized during simulation studies that SEEARA shows a better solution in comparison with the previously proposed routing protocols.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/idt-190042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,18]],"date-time":"2020-08-18T12:05:04Z","timestamp":1597752304000},"page":"325-336","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A secure and energy efficient ant routing algorithm"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Niranjan","family":"Panda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pankajini","family":"Panda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"key":"10.3233\/IDT-190042_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scott K, Bambos N. Routing and channel assignment for low power transmission in PCS. 1996; 2: 498-502.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICUPC.1996.562623"},{"key":"10.3233\/IDT-190042_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh S, Woo M, Raghavendra CS. Power-aware routing in mobile ad hoc networks. 1998; 181-190.","DOI":"10.1145\/288235.288286"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.3233\/IDT-190042_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1109\/35.925682","article-title":"Maximum battery life routing to support ubiquitous mobile computing in wireless ad hoc networks","volume":"39","author":"Toh","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Communications Magazine"},{"key":"10.3233\/IDT-190042_ref4","unstructured":"Kim D, Garcialunaaceves JJ, Obraczka K, Cano J, Manzoni P. Power-aware routing based on the energy drain rate for mobile ad hoc networks. 2002; 565-569."},{"key":"10.3233\/IDT-190042_ref5","unstructured":"Liang W, Yuansheng Y. Maximizing battery life routing in wireless ad hoc networks. 2004; p. 90295."},{"key":"10.3233\/IDT-190042_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Srinivas A, Modiano E. Finding minimum energy disjoint paths in wireless ad-hoc networks. 2005; 11(4): 401-417.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-005-1765-0"},{"key":"10.3233\/IDT-190042_ref7","unstructured":"Yuen WH, Sung CW. On energy efficiency and network connectivity of mobile AD HOC networks. 2003; 38-45."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.3233\/IDT-190042_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.4156\/jcit.vol6.issue6.21","article-title":"Power aware ad hoc on-demand distance vector (PAAODV) routing for MANETS","volume":"6","author":"Pattanayak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Convergence Information Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/IDT-190042_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.4018\/IJBDCN.2015010105","article-title":"Energy competent routing protocol design in manet with real time application provision","volume":"11","author":"Rath","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Business Data Communications and Networking"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/IDT-190042_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.14429\/dsj.66.9705","article-title":"Energy efficient MANET protocol using cross layer design for military applications","volume":"66","author":"Rath","year":"2016","journal-title":"Defence Science Journal"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.3233\/IDT-190042_ref11","first-page":"319","article-title":"MANET attacks and their countermeasures: A survey","volume":"2","author":"Panda","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing (IJCSMC)"},{"key":"10.3233\/IDT-190042_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-0223-0_9","article-title":"A survey of wireless security in mobile ad hoc networks: Challenges and available solutions","author":"Lou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Wireless Networking"},{"key":"10.3233\/IDT-190042_ref13","first-page":"1","article-title":"A survey of attacks in mobile ad hoc networks","author":"Meddeb","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Conference on Engineering & MIS (ICEMIS)"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.3233\/IDT-190042_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2009.10.024","article-title":"A survey on bio-inspired networking","volume":"54","author":"Dressler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Computer Networks"},{"key":"10.3233\/IDT-190042_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marwaha S, Indulska J, Portmann M. Biologically inspired ant-based routing in mobile ad hoc networks (MANET): A survey. 2009; 12-15.","DOI":"10.1109\/UIC-ATC.2009.95"},{"issue":"25","key":"10.3233\/IDT-190042_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcs.2010.02.012","article-title":"Ant colony optimization and the minimum spanning tree problem","volume":"411","author":"Neumann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Theoretical Computer Science"},{"key":"10.3233\/IDT-190042_ref17","unstructured":"Alhamdy S, Noudehi A, Majdara M. Solving travelling salesman problem (TSP) using ants colony (ACO) algorithm and comparing with tabu search, simulated annealing and genetic algorithm. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 2012; 8(1): 434-440."},{"key":"10.3233\/IDT-190042_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopezibanez M, Stutzle T, Dorigo M, Marti R, Pardalos PM, Resende MGC. MGC colony optimization: A component-wise overview. 2017; 1-37.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-07153-4_21-1"},{"key":"10.3233\/IDT-190042_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perkins CE, Beldingroyer EM, Das SR. Ad HOC on-demand distance vector (AODV) routing. 2003; 3561: 1-37.","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc3561"},{"key":"10.3233\/IDT-190042_ref20","first-page":"193","article-title":"Secure routing for mobile ad hoc networks","author":"Papadimitratos","year":"2002","journal-title":"The SCS Communication Networks and Distributed Systems Modelling and Simulation Conference (CNDS)"},{"key":"10.3233\/IDT-190042_ref21","unstructured":"Gunes M, Sorges U, Bouazizi I. ARA-the ant-colony based routing algorithm for MANETs. 2002; 79-85."},{"key":"10.3233\/IDT-190042_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2008\/236803","article-title":"Swarm intelligent power-aware detection of unauthorized and compromised nodes in MANETs","volume":"2008","author":"Mehfuz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Artificial Evolution and Applications"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.3233\/IDT-190042_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.3844\/jcssp.2007.939.943","article-title":"Secure antnet routing algorithm for scalable adhoc networks using elliptic curve cryptography","volume":"3","author":"Vijayalakshmi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Computer Science"},{"key":"10.3233\/IDT-190042_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kapoor V, Abraham V, Singh R. Elliptic curve cryptography. Ubiquity. 2008.","DOI":"10.1145\/1386853.1378356"},{"issue":"3\/4","key":"10.3233\/IDT-190042_ref25","first-page":"2","article-title":"AntNet: Distributed stigmergetic control for communications networks","volume":"12","author":"Di\u00a0Caro","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research"},{"key":"10.3233\/IDT-190042_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krawczyk H, Bellare M, Canetti R. HMAC: Keyed-hashing for message authentication. 1997; 2104: 1-11.","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc2104"},{"key":"10.3233\/IDT-190042_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Indirani G, Selvakumar K. Swarm based detection and defence technique for malicious attacks in mobile ad hoc networks. International Journal of Computer Applications. 2012; 50(19).","DOI":"10.5120\/7915-9258"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/IDT-190042_ref28","first-page":"12","article-title":"Detection and prevention of blackhole attack","volume":"12","author":"Rakesh","year":"2012","journal-title":"MANET using ACO"},{"key":"10.3233\/IDT-190042_ref29","first-page":"709","article-title":"Investigation of a bio-inspired security mechanism","author":"Memarmoshrefi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mobile Ad HOC Networks"},{"key":"10.3233\/IDT-190042_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Memarmoshrefi P, Zhang H, Hogrefe D. Social insect-based sybil attack detection in mobile ad-hoc networks. 2014; 141-148.","DOI":"10.4108\/icst.bict.2014.258041"},{"key":"10.3233\/IDT-190042_ref31","unstructured":"Sridhar S, Baskaran R. ANT based trustworthy routing in mobile ad hoc networks spotlighting quality of service. Computer Science and Information Technology. 2015; 3(1)."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/IDT-190042_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-015-1191-x","article-title":"Pair-wise key agreement and hop-by-hop authentication protocol for MANET","volume":"23","author":"Shanthi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wireless Networks"},{"key":"10.3233\/IDT-190042_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reddy KC, Nalla D. Identity based authenticated group key agreement protocol. 2002; 215-233.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-36231-2_18"},{"key":"10.3233\/IDT-190042_ref34","first-page":"3093","article-title":"Analysis of blackhole attack in AODV and DSR","volume":"8","author":"Panda","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/IDT-190042_ref35","first-page":"139","article-title":"DSR: The dynamic source routing protocol for multi-hop wireless Ad HOC networks","volume":"8","author":"Johnson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ad HOC Networking"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/IDT-190042_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.14419\/ijet.v7i2.6.10139","article-title":"Energy aware detection and prevention of black hole attack in MANET","volume":"7","author":"Panda","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Engineering and Technology"},{"key":"10.3233\/IDT-190042_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mouha N, Mennink B, Van\u00a0Herrewege A, Watanabe D, Preneel B, Verbauwhede I. Chaskey: An efficient MAC algorithm for 32-bit microcontrollers. 2014; 306-323.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-13051-4_19"},{"key":"10.3233\/IDT-190042_ref38","first-page":"21","article-title":"SEBAR: Secure energy based ant routing algorithm for wireless sensor networks","author":"Geetha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Advances in Communication, Network and Computing"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.3233\/IDT-190042_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2007.911432","article-title":"Lifetime maximization for connected target coverage in wireless sensor networks","volume":"16","author":"Zhao","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE ACM Transactions on Networking"},{"key":"10.3233\/IDT-190042_ref40","unstructured":"McCanne, Steven, Sally F. The UCB\/LBNL network simulator, software online. 1997."}],"container-title":["Intelligent Decision Technologies"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/IDT-190042","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T09:22:45Z","timestamp":1777454565000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.3233\/IDT-190042"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/idt-190042","relation":{},"ISSN":["1872-4981","1875-8843"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1872-4981","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-8843","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]]}}}