{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T04:49:42Z","timestamp":1777697382364,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IDT"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Detecting outliers in multicriteria decision aid (MCDA) field is a new research direction that has not been enough explored. This paper tackles this problem by proposing a statistical approach based on PROMETHEE method net-flow. To consider the multicriteria character of the problem, the net-flow of each object is computed by applying PROMETHEE method. According to the normal distribution of the net-flow values, the standard deviation (SD) or interquartile range (IQR) statistical methods are used to detect outliers. To prove its applicability, the proposed approach is evaluated on real life problem.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/idt-200046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,25]],"date-time":"2021-05-25T12:40:52Z","timestamp":1621946452000},"page":"239-250","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A net-flow based approach to detect outliers in multicriteria decision problems"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Baroudi","family":"Rouba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"key":"10.3233\/IDT-200046_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DM.Hawkins, Identification of outliers, London; Chapman and Hall; 1980.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-015-3994-4"},{"key":"10.3233\/IDT-200046_ref2","first-page":"12","article-title":"Intrusion as (anti)social communication: Characterization and detection","author":"Ding","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 18th ACM International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining"},{"key":"10.3233\/IDT-200046_ref3","first-page":"27","article-title":"Fast computation of 2-dimensional depth contours","author":"Johnson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 4rd International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining KDD98"},{"key":"10.3233\/IDT-200046_ref4","first-page":"5","article-title":"Unsupervised profiling methods for fraud detection","author":"Richard","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 7th Conference of Credit Scoring and Credit Control"},{"key":"10.3233\/IDT-200046_ref5","first-page":"23","article-title":"Know your neighbors: Web spam detection using the web topology","author":"Castillo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 30th International Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR)"},{"key":"10.3233\/IDT-200046_ref6","first-page":"15","article-title":"Activity monitoring: Noticing interesting changes in behavior","author":"Fawcett","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 5th ACM International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining"},{"key":"10.3233\/IDT-200046_ref7","first-page":"14","article-title":"A unified notion of outliers: Properties and computation","author":"Knorr","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining KDD97"},{"key":"10.3233\/IDT-200046_ref8","first-page":"24","article-title":"Algorithms for mining distance-based outliers in large datasets","author":"Knorr","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Very Large Databases VLDB98"},{"key":"10.3233\/IDT-200046_ref9","first-page":"7","article-title":"Finding intentional knowledge of distance-based outliers","author":"Knorr","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Very Large Databases VLDB99"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/IDT-200046_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s007780050006","article-title":"Distance-based outliers: Algorithms and applications","volume":"8","author":"Knorr","year":"2000","journal-title":"VLDB Journal"},{"key":"10.3233\/IDT-200046_ref11","first-page":"16","article-title":"Lof: Identifying density-based local outliers","author":"Breunig","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proceedings of the ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/IDT-200046_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1145\/331499.331504","article-title":"Data clustering: A review","volume":"31","author":"Jain","year":"1999","journal-title":"ACM Computing Surveys"},{"key":"10.3233\/IDT-200046_ref13","first-page":"27","article-title":"Fast computation of 2-dimensional depth contours","author":"Johnson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 4rd International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining KDD98"},{"key":"10.3233\/IDT-200046_ref14","unstructured":"Barnett V, Lewis T. Outliers in statistical data. New York; John Wiley and Sons; 1994."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/IDT-200046_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(99)00142-3","article-title":"Multicriteria decision aid in financial management","volume":"119","author":"Zopounidis","year":"1999","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research"},{"key":"10.3233\/IDT-200046_ref16","unstructured":"Joerin F. D\u00e9cider sur le territoire: Proposition d\u2019une approche par l\u2019utilisation de SIG et de MMC [dissertation]. Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne; 1997."},{"key":"10.3233\/IDT-200046_ref17","first-page":"133","article-title":"ELECTRE methods","author":"Figueira","year":"2005","journal-title":"Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis: State of the Art Surveys, Springer, Boston"},{"key":"10.3233\/IDT-200046_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.31.6.647","article-title":"A preference ranking organization method: The Promethee method for multiple criteria decision-making","volume":"31","author":"Brans","year":"1985","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"key":"10.3233\/IDT-200046_ref19","first-page":"265","article-title":"MAUT multiattribute utility theory","author":"Dyer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis: State of the Art Surveys, Springer, Boston"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/IDT-200046_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(99)00192-7","article-title":"Multicriteria assignment method PROAFTN: Methodology and medical applications","volume":"125","author":"Belacel","year":"2000","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research"},{"key":"10.3233\/IDT-200046_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2005.01.031","article-title":"About the applicability of MCDA to some robustness problems","volume":"174","author":"Hites","year":"2006","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research"},{"key":"10.3233\/IDT-200046_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-54157-0_11","article-title":"A note on the detection of outliers in a binary outranking relation","author":"De Smet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Evolutionary Multi-Criterion Optimization. Lecture Notes in Computer Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/IDT-200046_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2003.06.012","article-title":"Towards multicriteria clustering: An extension of the k-means algorithm","volume":"158","author":"De Smet","year":"2004","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/IDT-200046_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.4018\/IJDSST.2018070102","article-title":"Towards identifying multicriteria outliers: An outranking relation-based approach","volume":"10","author":"Rouba","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Decision support system technology"},{"key":"10.3233\/IDT-200046_ref25","unstructured":"Freedman D, Pisani P, Purves R. Statistics. New York; WWNorton; 1978."},{"key":"10.3233\/IDT-200046_ref26","unstructured":"Tukey JW. Exploratory data analysis, Boston, USA; Addison-Wesely; 1977."},{"key":"10.3233\/IDT-200046_ref27","unstructured":"Vincke P. Multicriteria Decision-aid. New York; John Wiley and Sons; 1992."},{"key":"10.3233\/IDT-200046_ref28","unstructured":"Keeney R, Raiffa H. Decision with multiple objectives: Preferences and value tradeoffs. New York; John Wiley and Sons; 1976."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/IDT-200046_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-2217(82)90155-2","article-title":"Assessing a set of additive utility functions for multicriteria decision-making, the UTA method","volume":"10","author":"Jacquet-Lagr\u00e8ze","year":"1992","journal-title":"European Journal of Operations Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/IDT-200046_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-2217(90)90057-I","article-title":"How to make a decision","volume":"48","author":"Saaty","year":"1990","journal-title":"The Analytic Hierarchy Process. European Journal of Operational Research"},{"key":"10.3233\/IDT-200046_ref31","unstructured":"Roy B, Bouyssou D. Aide Multicrit\u00e8re \u00e0 la D\u00e9cision: M\u00e9thodes et Cas. Paris: Economica; 1993."},{"key":"10.3233\/IDT-200046_ref32","unstructured":"Chakravarti IM, Laha RG, Roy J. Handbook of methods of applied statistics. New York; John Wiley and Sons; 1967."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/IDT-200046_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219622014500631","article-title":"A multicriteria clustering approach based on similarity indices and clustering ensemble techniques","volume":"13","author":"Rouba","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Information Technology and Decision Making"}],"container-title":["Intelligent Decision Technologies"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/IDT-200046","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T09:22:53Z","timestamp":1777454573000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.3233\/IDT-200046"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,29]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/idt-200046","relation":{},"ISSN":["1872-4981","1875-8843"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1872-4981","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-8843","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,29]]}}}