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Not only a training accuracy of more than 0.85 is observed but equivalent validation accuracy suggests that the developed model is highly robust with minimal overfitting. A comparison of our proposed approach was made with classical machine learning techniques like KNN (K Nearest Neighbor), Decision Trees, Random Forest, SVM (Support Vector Machines) and a 3 Layered CNN. The results clearly depict that the proposed approach outperforms all other machine learning classifiers in consideration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/idt-230048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]],"date-time":"2023-05-23T12:19:02Z","timestamp":1684844342000},"page":"799-810","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Development of VGG-16 transfer learning framework for geographical landmark recognition"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Kanishk","family":"Bansal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amar","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/IDT-230048_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjimei.2022.100142","article-title":"Transfer Learning Enhanced Vision-based Human Activity Recognition: A Decade-long Analysis","volume":"3","author":"Ray","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Information Management Data Insights"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/IDT-230048_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2003.816818","article-title":"A behavior-based mobile robot with a visual landmark-recognition system","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE\/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/IDT-230048_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.3233\/JIFS-221473","article-title":"Automated evolution of CNN with 3PGA for geographical landmark recognition","volume":"44","author":"Bansal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems"},{"key":"10.3233\/IDT-230048_ref4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Evolving Block-Based Convolutional Neural Network for Hyperspectral Image Classification","volume":"60","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing"},{"key":"10.3233\/IDT-230048_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng K, Li Y, Xu Y, Wu D, Wu N. 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