{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T04:54:57Z","timestamp":1777697697902,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IDT"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We identify a list of characteristics of a text document that we use as the basis for a study on human perception of what the structure of a document should look like. Our study reveals that the native language dimension has a significant impact on the human perception of some such characteristics, including the average number of paragraphs starting with a verb, as well as other characteristics describing average paragraph proportions. The study results also show what the mean values are, for the different document characteristics, and their distribution across the native language dimension, therefore providing some idea of what a normalised structure of a document should look like. The results of the study have a direct application in a new method for embedding secret messages in text documents that has been recently proposed by the authors and which uses manipulations in the paragraph layout of a document.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/idt-240094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T11:53:43Z","timestamp":1710849223000},"page":"1425-1445","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A study on human perception of document paragraph layout using surveys1"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Aziz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Creative and Digital Industries, Buckinghamshire New University, High Wycombe, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aysha","family":"Bukhelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of the Prime Minister, Manama, Bahrain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/IDT-240094_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.74.1.51","article-title":"Effects of text structure on use of cognitive capacity during reading","volume":"74","author":"Britton","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"10.3233\/IDT-240094_ref2","first-page":"714","article-title":"A novel method for embedding and extracting secret messages in textual documents based on paragraph resizing","author":"Aziz","year":"2022","journal-title":"In: 19th International Conference on Security and Cryptography"},{"key":"10.3233\/IDT-240094_ref3","first-page":"1","article-title":"A study on human perception of document Paragraph layout","author":"Aziz","year":"2023","journal-title":"In: 2023 14th International Conference on Information, Intelligence, Systems & Applications (IISA 2023)"},{"key":"10.3233\/IDT-240094_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Padu\u010deva E. On the structure of the paragraph. Linguistics: An Interdisciplinary Journal of the Language Sciences. 1974.","DOI":"10.1515\/ling.1974.12.131.49"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/IDT-240094_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.58680\/rte197420099","article-title":"The frequency and placement of topic sentences in expository prose","volume":"8","author":"Braddock","year":"1974","journal-title":"Research in the Teaching of English"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.3233\/IDT-240094_ref6","first-page":"513","article-title":"Understanding paragraph structure","volume":"15","author":"Williams","year":"1972","journal-title":"Journal of Reading"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/IDT-240094_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.2307\/354671","article-title":"Symposium on the Paragraph","volume":"17","author":"Irmscher","year":"1966","journal-title":"College Composition and Communication"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/IDT-240094_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.58680\/ccc196521108","article-title":"A tagmemic approach to paragraph analysis","volume":"16","author":"Becker","year":"1965","journal-title":"College Composition and Communication"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.3233\/IDT-240094_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/08351819709370440","article-title":"Paragraph structure and pronominalization","volume":"10","author":"Hinds","year":"1977","journal-title":"Paper in Linguistics"},{"key":"10.3233\/IDT-240094_ref10","unstructured":"Richards JC. Error analysis: Perspectives on second language acquisition. Routledge. 1974."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/IDT-240094_ref11","first-page":"483","article-title":"Error analysis of the written English essays of secondary school students in Malaysia: A case study","volume":"8","author":"Darus","year":"2009","journal-title":"European Journal of Social Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/IDT-240094_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.5539\/elt.v10n3p101","article-title":"An analysis of errors in written English sentences: A case study of thai EFL students","volume":"10","author":"Sermsook","year":"2017","journal-title":"English Language Teaching"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/IDT-240094_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.2307\/3586713","article-title":"Error gravity: A study of faculty opinion of ESL errors","volume":"18","author":"Vann","year":"1984","journal-title":"TESOL Quarterly"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/IDT-240094_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1093\/applin\/12.2.180","article-title":"Error: Some problems of definition, identification, and distinction","volume":"6:12","author":"LENNON","year":"1991","journal-title":"Applied Linguistics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/IDT-240094_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.2307\/3586012","article-title":"Error analysis in the adult EFL classroom","volume":"9","author":"Burt","year":"1975","journal-title":"TESOL Quarterly"},{"key":"10.3233\/IDT-240094_ref16","unstructured":"Dulay H, Burt MK, Krashen SD. Language two. Oxford University Press. 1982."},{"key":"10.3233\/IDT-240094_ref17","unstructured":"James C. Errors in language learning and use: Exploring error analysis. New York: Routledge. 1998."},{"key":"10.3233\/IDT-240094_ref18","unstructured":"Hengwichitkul L. An analysis of errors in English abstracts translated by Thai university graduate students. Unpublished master\u2019s thesis, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand. 2006."},{"key":"10.3233\/IDT-240094_ref19","unstructured":"Runkati K, Chatupote M. Organizational patterns and common mistakes in English research abstracts. Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand. 2013."},{"key":"10.3233\/IDT-240094_ref20","unstructured":"Richards JC. Error analysis: Perspectives on second language acquisition. Routledge. 2015."},{"key":"10.3233\/IDT-240094_ref21","unstructured":"James C. Errors in language learning and use: Exploring error analysis. Routledge. 2013."},{"key":"10.3233\/IDT-240094_ref22","first-page":"1","article-title":"An analysis of student error patterns in written english suggested teaching procedures to help","author":"Penny","year":"2001","journal-title":"Unpublished master\u2019s thesis"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.3233\/IDT-240094_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.4304\/tpls.2.8.1583-1589","article-title":"Error analysis: Sources of L2 learners\u2019 errors","volume":"2","author":"Heydari","year":"2012","journal-title":"Theory and Practice in Language Studies"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.3233\/IDT-240094_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.5539\/elt.v6n7p9","article-title":"Writing Error: A Review of Interlingual and Intralingual Interference in EFL Context","volume":"6","author":"Kaweera","year":"2013","journal-title":"English Language Teaching"},{"issue":"32","key":"10.3233\/IDT-240094_ref25","first-page":"99","article-title":"Understanding EFL students\u2019 errors in writing","volume":"6","author":"Phuket","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Education and Practice"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/IDT-240094_ref26","first-page":"165","article-title":"Common errors in English writing and suggested solutions of Thai university students","volume":"31","author":"Hinnon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Humanities and Social Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/IDT-240094_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1177\/003151259908803c01","article-title":"English letter frequencies in transcribed speech versus written samples","volume":"88","author":"Ridley","year":"1999","journal-title":"Perceptual and Motor Skills"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/IDT-240094_ref28","first-page":"399","article-title":"XV.\u00a0\u2013 The correlation between relatives on the supposition of Mendelian inheritance","volume":"52","author":"Fisher","year":"1919","journal-title":"Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh"},{"issue":"594\u2013604","key":"10.3233\/IDT-240094_ref29","first-page":"309","article-title":"On the mathematical foundations of theoretical statistics","volume":"222","author":"Fisher","year":"1922","journal-title":"Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London Series A, containing papers of a mathematical or physical character"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/IDT-240094_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.4097\/kjae.2017.70.1.22","article-title":"Understanding one-way ANOVA using conceptual figures","volume":"70","author":"Tae\u00a0Kyun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Korean Journal of Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.3233\/IDT-240094_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177728348","article-title":"\u201cA mixed model\u201d for the analysis of variance","author":"Scheff\u00e9","year":"1956","journal-title":"The Annals of Mathematical Statistics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/IDT-240094_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2005.02.007","article-title":"A new software for carrying out one-way ANOVA post hoc tests","volume":"79","author":"Brown","year":"2005","journal-title":"Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine"}],"container-title":["Intelligent Decision Technologies"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/IDT-240094","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T09:23:59Z","timestamp":1777454639000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.3233\/IDT-240094"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/idt-240094","relation":{},"ISSN":["1872-4981","1875-8843"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1872-4981","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-8843","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]]}}}