{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T06:25:53Z","timestamp":1777703153010,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,10]],"date-time":"2015-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1439164800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Intelligent &amp; Fuzzy Systems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) comprises a large number of spatially distributed sensor devices that can retrieve valuable information via low-cost, low-powered, tiny sensors, and send the data to a sink through its wireless communication units. In order to prolong network lifetime at minimum cost, a small number of powerful relay nodes can be deployed in the sensing area. The connectivity between the sensor nodes and the base stations is one of the most crucial design considerations for WSNs. In this paper, mixed-integer linear programming model of the constrained relay node placement problem is defined. Since the problem has NP-hard nature, novel nature-inspired meta-heuristic methods (Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Simulated Annealing (SA)) are presented to find the number and position of the relay nodes in a heterogeneous WSN. The algorithms have new problem specific representation and operators. The results of proposed GA is compared with exact, SA and minimum spanning tree solutions. Experimental analysis has shown that presented GA and SA approaches can find a near-optimal or efficient solution in a reasonable computation time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/ifs-151560","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,21]],"date-time":"2015-08-21T15:28:23Z","timestamp":1440170903000},"page":"2801-2809","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Nature-inspired relay node placement heuristics for wireless sensor networks"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Omer","family":"Ozkan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, Turkish Air Force Academy, Yesilyurt, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Murat","family":"Ermis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, Turkish Air Force Academy, Yesilyurt, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2008.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26636\/jtit.2010.3.1082"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2012.042312.120582"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/IFS-131046"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_1","first-page":"3210","article-title":"Energy-aware node placement in wireless sensor networks","author":"Cheng P","year":"2004","unstructured":"ChengPChuahCLiuX2004Energy-aware node placement in wireless sensor networksProceedings of IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM\u201904)32103214","journal-title":"Proceedings of IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM\u201904)"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2009.2033273"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2011.2131158"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.2007.250629"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2009.161"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2007.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-0190(98)00201-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2011.126"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_1","article-title":"Qos support in wireless sensor networks, A survey","author":"Chen D","year":"2004","unstructured":"ChenDVarshneyP2004Qos support in wireless sensor networks, A surveyProceedings of International Conference on Wireless Networks (ICWN\u201904)","journal-title":"Proceedings of International Conference on Wireless Networks (ICWN\u201904)"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_1","article-title":"Multiple sink and relay placement in wireless sensor networks, Montpellier-France","author":"Sitanayah L","year":"2012","unstructured":"SitanayahLBrownKNSreenanCJ2012Multiple sink and relay placement in wireless sensor networks, Montpellier-FranceProceedings of the Workshop on Artificial Intelligence for Telecommunications and Sensor Networks (ECAI\u201912)","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Workshop on Artificial Intelligence for Telecommunications and Sensor Networks (ECAI\u201912)"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_1","article-title":"A multi-objective memetic algorithm for relay node placement in wireless sensor network","author":"Zhong J","year":"2011","unstructured":"ZhongJZhangJ2011A multi-objective memetic algorithm for relay node placement in wireless sensor networkProceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO\u201911)Dublin-Ireland","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO\u201911)"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s7030354"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/SAINT.2008.82","article-title":"Wireless sensor network deployment using a memetic simulated annealing","author":"Molina G","year":"2008","unstructured":"MolinaGAlbaE2008Wireless sensor network deployment using a memetic simulated annealingProceedings of the International Symposium on Applications and the Internet (SAINT\u201908)Turku-Finland","journal-title":"Proceedings of the International Symposium on Applications and the Internet (SAINT\u201908)"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_1","unstructured":"EibenASmithJ2003Introduction to Evolutionary ComputingSpringer"}],"container-title":["Journal of Intelligent &amp; 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