{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T22:08:12Z","timestamp":1770674892935,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,23]],"date-time":"2015-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1448236800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Intelligent &amp; Fuzzy Systems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Considering the strong uncertainty in ball mills, cloud model which combines fuzziness and randomness together and has the ability of processing uncertainty, is introduced. The paper proposes a novel soft sensor based on uncertainty reasoning of cloud model to improve the accuracy and reliability of fill level measurement. At first, power spectral densities of the vibration signals are extracted by Welch\u2019s method and the features are obtained by summing the energy of a wide frequency band. Then backward cloud generator algorithm is used to represent numerical characteristics of antecedent clouds under different fill levels, and the corresponding consequent clouds are given according to the fill level information. Thus, the rule base is built and the uncertainty reasoning based on cloud model is realized. As it is difficult to obtain data set continuously and accurately in practical industry fields, virtual cloud is employed to deal with the problem of sparse rule base in the case of insufficient samples. The experimental results show that the accuracy of proposed method can meet the requirements of field measurement applications. In addition, the method based on virtual cloud is more accurate and robust compared with other methods in the case of insufficient samples.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/ifs-151876","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,1]],"date-time":"2016-03-01T10:48:15Z","timestamp":1456829295000},"page":"1675-1689","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Soft sensor for ball mill fill level based on uncertainty reasoning of cloud model"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Gaowei","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Automation, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China"}]},{"given":"Shanshan","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Automation, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Automation, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mineng.2009.06.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/cp:19960763"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","unstructured":"MeleroM.G. CanoJ.M. NorniellaJ. et al. Electric motors monitoring: An alternative to increase the efficiency of ball mills International Conference on Renewable Energies and Power Quality (ICREPQ\u201914) Cordoba Spain 2014 http:\/\/www.icrepq.com\/icrepq\u201914\/509.14-Melero.pdf."},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","first-page":"95","article-title":"Fuzzy-PID control system for level of ball mill based on level ultrasonic measurement","volume":"25","author":"Zhou F.","year":"2008","unstructured":"ZhouF. and FengX.L., Fuzzy-PID control system for level of ball mill based on level ultrasonic measurement, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Magazine 25(7) (2008), 95\u201398.","journal-title":"Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Magazine"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","first-page":"360","article-title":"Designing of intelligent expert control system using petri net for grinding mill operation","volume":"2","author":"Bhaumik A.","year":"2005","unstructured":"BhaumikA., BanerjeeS. and SilJ., Designing of intelligent expert control system using petri net for grinding mill operation, WSEAS Transactions On Applications 2(4) (2005), 360\u2013365.","journal-title":"WSEAS Transactions On Applications"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","first-page":"1319","article-title":"Analysis of acoustic signal and BP neural network-based recognition of level of coal in ball mill","volume":"27","author":"Sha Y.","year":"2006","unstructured":"ShaY., ChaoY.Y. and GuoY.G., Analysis of acoustic signal and BP neural network-based recognition of level of coal in ball mill, Journal of Northeastern University (Natural Science) 27(12) (2006), 1319\u20131323.","journal-title":"Journal of Northeastern University (Natural Science)"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mineng.2006.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mineng.2010.05.001"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","first-page":"66","article-title":"Measure methods of ball mill\u2019s load","volume":"23","author":"Sha Y.H.","year":"2006","unstructured":"ShaY.H., ChangT.H. and ChangJ.P., Measure methods of ball mill\u2019s load, Modern Electric Power 23(4) (2006), 66\u201369.","journal-title":"Modern Electric Power"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","first-page":"565","article-title":"Present status and future developments of detection method for mill load","volume":"17","author":"Tang J.","year":"2010","unstructured":"TangJ., ZhaoL.J., YueH. and ChaiT.Y., Present status and future developments of detection method for mill load, Control Engineering of China 17(5) (2010), 565\u2013570.","journal-title":"Control Engineering of China"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BICTA.2010.5645241"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-012-0819-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0898-1221(97)00282-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-7516(92)90038-X"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","first-page":"41","article-title":"Application study of bearing vibration signal in the load control system of tube mill","volume":"5","author":"Wang Y.J.","year":"2004","unstructured":"WangY.J. and LvZ.Z., Application study of bearing vibration signal in the load control system of tube mill, Electrical Equipment 5(9) (2004), 41\u201343.","journal-title":"Electrical Equipment"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0892-6875(94)90162-7"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","first-page":"16","article-title":"Analysis on soft measurement of fill-up level and the low-energy high-efficiency operation in ball mills","author":"Wang L.","year":"2007","unstructured":"WangL., YuX.J. and LvZ.Z., Analysis on soft measurement of fill-up level and the low-energy high-efficiency operation in ball mills, Energy Research & Utilization (5) (2007), 16\u201319.","journal-title":"Energy Research & Utilization"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","first-page":"1521","article-title":"Analysis of vibration signal of wet ball mill shell and soft sensoring for mill load","volume":"31","author":"Tang J.","year":"2010","unstructured":"TangJ., ZhaoL.J., YueH. and ChaiT.Y., Analysis of vibration signal of wet ball mill shell and soft sensoring for mill load, Journal of Northeastern University (Natural Science) 31(11) (2010), 1521\u20131524.","journal-title":"Journal of Northeastern University (Natural Science)"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprocont.2009.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2010.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2009.12.077"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2012.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781584889991"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","first-page":"1320","article-title":"Statistics on atomized feature of normal cloud model","volume":"36","author":"Liu Y.","year":"2010","unstructured":"LiuY. and LiD.Y., Statistics on atomized feature of normal cloud model, Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics 36(11) (2010), 1320\u20131324.","journal-title":"Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.camwa.2011.07.048"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","first-page":"2449","article-title":"Approach to uncertain reasoning based on cloud model","volume":"32","author":"Chen H.","year":"2011","unstructured":"ChenH. and LiB., Approach to uncertain reasoning based on cloud model, Journal of Chinese Computer Systems 32(12) (2011), 2449\u20132455.","journal-title":"Journal of Chinese Computer Systems"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-32115-3_37"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conengprac.2012.03.020"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","first-page":"1190","article-title":"On approximation of onedimension cloud model systems","volume":"37","author":"Li Z.","year":"2011","unstructured":"LiZ., GaoJ. and ZhangR.X., On approximation of onedimension cloud model systems, Acta Automation Sinica 37(10) (2011), 1190\u20131196.","journal-title":"Acta Automation Sinica"}],"container-title":["Journal of Intelligent &amp; Fuzzy Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3233\/IFS-151876","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.3233\/IFS-151876","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3233\/IFS-151876","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T07:59:04Z","timestamp":1770623944000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.3233\/IFS-151876"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,23]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3233\/IFS-151876"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/ifs-151876","relation":{},"ISSN":["1064-1246","1875-8967"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1064-1246","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-8967","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,23]]}}}