{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T20:26:43Z","timestamp":1777753603445,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]],"date-time":"2022-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654819200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ISU"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Donald A.B. Lindberg M.D. arrived as Director, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM) in late 1984 with the intention of implementing a physician-friendly interface to MEDLINE, a prime example of his interest in making NLM information services more directly useful in medical care. By early 1986, NLM\u2019s Grateful Med, an inexpensive PC search interface to MEDLINE useful for health professionals, had joined the group of end-user systems for searching MEDLINE that emerged in the 1980s. This chapter recounts Grateful Med\u2019s rapid iterative development and the subsequent campaign to bring it to attention of health professionals. It emphasizes Lindberg\u2019s role, the challenges faced by those introducing and using the interface in a pre-Internet world, and some longer-term effects of the effort to expand health professionals\u2019 use of MEDLINE during the decade from 1986 to 1996.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/isu-220147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]],"date-time":"2022-03-25T12:30:43Z","timestamp":1648211443000},"page":"151-160","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Grateful Med: Direct access to MEDLINE for health professionals with personal computers"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Josephine L.","family":"Dorsch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":", University of Illinois, , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John G.","family":"Faughnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":", USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Betsy L.","family":"Humphreys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":", USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"issue":"3 Suppl","key":"10.3233\/ISU-220147_ref1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The nation\u2019s health information network: history of the Regional Medical Library Program","volume":"75","author":"Bunting","year":"1987","journal-title":"Bull Med Libr Assoc"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/ISU-220147_ref2","first-page":"137","article-title":"End-user programs in medical school libraries: A survey","volume":"76","author":"Welborn","year":"1988","journal-title":"Bull Med Libr Assoc"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.3233\/ISU-220147_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198110153051605","article-title":"PaperChase: A computer program to search the medical literature","volume":"305","author":"Horowitz","year":"1981","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/ISU-220147_ref4","first-page":"317","article-title":"The Georgetown University Library Information System (LIS): A minicomputer-based integrated library system","volume":"71","author":"Broering","year":"1983","journal-title":"Bull Med Libr Assoc"},{"key":"10.3233\/ISU-220147_ref5","volume-title":"MEDLINE on CD-ROM: National Library of Medicine Evaluation Forum, Bethesda, Maryland, September 23, 1988","author":"Woodsmall","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.3233\/ISU-220147_ref6","volume-title":"Design and evaluation of computer\/human interfaces: Issues for Librarians and Information Scientists. 25th Clinic on Library Applications of Data Processing (1988)","author":"Woodsmall","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.3233\/ISU-220147_ref7","unstructured":"Woodsmall Rose Marie. Personal communication. September 29, 2020."},{"key":"10.3233\/ISU-220147_ref9","first-page":"488","article-title":"Grateful Med on an institutional local area network","author":"Preuss","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc Annu Symp Appl Med Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/ISU-220147_ref10","first-page":"178","article-title":"Coach: Applying UMLS knowledge sources in an expert searcher environment","volume":"81","author":"Kingsland 3rd","year":"1993","journal-title":"Bull Med Libr Assoc"},{"key":"10.3233\/ISU-220147_ref11","unstructured":"National Library of Medicine (U.S.) Board of Regents. Improving Health Professionals\u2019 Access to Information: Challenges and Opportunities for the National Library of Medicine, A Report of the Outreach Planning Panel of the Regents of the National Library of Medicine. Bethesda, MD, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, 1989."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/ISU-220147_ref12","first-page":"71","article-title":"The National Library of Medicine and its role","volume":"81","author":"Lindberg","year":"1993","journal-title":"Bull Med Libr Assoc"},{"key":"10.3233\/ISU-220147_ref13","first-page":"6","volume-title":"Health Information for the Global Village","author":"Dorsch","year":"1995"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/ISU-220147_ref14","first-page":"39","article-title":"Equalizing rural health professionals\u2019 information access: Lessons from a follow-up outreach project","volume":"85","author":"Dorsch","year":"1997","journal-title":"Bull Med Libr Assoc"},{"issue":"Supp 1","key":"10.3233\/ISU-220147_ref15","first-page":"1","article-title":"Outreach activities of the National Library of Medicine: A five-year review","volume":"84","author":"Wallingford","year":"1996","journal-title":"Bull of the Med Libr Assoc"},{"key":"10.3233\/ISU-220147_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A proposal for more informative abstracts of clinical articles. Ad Hoc Working Group for Critical Appraisal of the Medical Literature, Ann Intern Med 106(4)\u00a0 (1987),\u00a0 598\u2013604.","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-106-4-598"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/ISU-220147_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.3163\/1536-5050.99.2.009","article-title":"A retrospective cohort study of structured abstracts in MEDLINE, 1992\u20132006","volume":"99","author":"Ripple","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Med Libr Assoc"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/ISU-220147_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1080\/08858198609527818","article-title":"The\u00a0Physician\u00a0Data\u00a0Query\u00a0(PDQ) cancer information system","volume":"1","author":"Hubbard","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Cancer Educ"}],"container-title":["Information Services &amp; Use"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/ISU-220147","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T12:03:16Z","timestamp":1777464196000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.3233\/ISU-220147"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/isu-220147","relation":{},"ISSN":["0167-5265","1875-8789"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0167-5265","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-8789","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]]}}}