{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T00:47:11Z","timestamp":1777682831004,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JHS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>VANET is mainly aimed at providing safety and security related information and traffic management. In future, VANET contributes to smart transportation system. Based on vehicle mobility, different routing protocols and traffic models were developed. In routing, trust between vehicles place an important role to forward safety related information. This paper aims at design of trust and delay based routing for hybrid communication in sparse VANET to avoid network attacks by malicious nodes. The proposed hybrid routing protocol works on the computation of trust in between vehicles and message reachable time (MRT). Route selection is done by considering the highest trust factor and minimum MRT. The performance effectiveness of the proposed scheme is evaluated by comparing with the Delay-aware and Backbone-based Geographic Routing for Urban VANETs (DBGR). The proposed scheme exhibits better performance in terms of packet delivery ratio, bandwidth utilization, end-to-end delay and control overheads.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/jhs-200644","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]],"date-time":"2020-12-18T10:25:06Z","timestamp":1608287106000},"page":"275-290","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Hybrid routing protocol for VANETs: Delay and trust based approach"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Mamata J.","family":"Sataraddi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, Basaveshwar Engineering College (Autonomous) Bagalkot \u2013 587102, Karnataka, India. E-mails:\u00a0mjsec@becbgk.edu,\u00a0mskec@becbgk.edu"}]},{"given":"Mahabaleshwar S.","family":"Kakkasageri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, Basaveshwar Engineering College (Autonomous) Bagalkot \u2013 587102, Karnataka, India. E-mails:\u00a0mjsec@becbgk.edu,\u00a0mskec@becbgk.edu"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/JHS-200644_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1504\/IJNVO.2018.095419","article-title":"Malicious node identification routing and protection mechanism for vehicular ad-hoc network against various attacks","volume":"19","author":"Abdulkader","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Networking and Virtual Organizations"},{"key":"10.3233\/JHS-200644_ref2","first-page":"21","article-title":"Technical review on different applications, challenges and security in VANET","volume":"4","author":"Agarwal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Multimedia Technology & Recent Advancements"},{"key":"10.3233\/JHS-200644_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6576841","article-title":"VANSec: Attack \u2013 resistant VANET security algorithm in terms of trust computation error and normalized routing overhead","volume":"2018","author":"Ahmed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hindawi Journal of Sensors"},{"key":"10.3233\/JHS-200644_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N.\u00a0Alsharif and X.(S.)\u00a0Shen, ICARII: Intersection-based connectivity aware routing in vehicular networks, in: IEEE ICC 2014 \u2013 Mobile and Wireless Networking Symposium, 2014, pp.\u00a02731\u20132735.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2014.6883737"},{"key":"10.3233\/JHS-200644_ref5","first-page":"143","article-title":"Delay tolerant revocation scheme for delay tolerant VANETs (DTRvS)","volume":"766","author":"Anyigor Ogah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Springer Journal of Digital Communication towards a Smart and Secure Future Internet, Communications in Computer and Information Science"},{"key":"10.3233\/JHS-200644_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M.C.\u00a0Aswathy and C.\u00a0Tripti, An enhancement to AODV protocol for efficient routing in VANET \u2013 a cluster based approach, in: Proc. Springer Conference on Advances in Computer Science, Eng. & Appl., AISC, Vol.\u00a0167, Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, New York, 2012, pp.\u00a01027\u20131032.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-30111-7_99"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.3233\/JHS-200644_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2018.2823312","article-title":"Real-time intersection-based segment aware routing algorithm for urban vehicular networks","volume":"19","author":"Bahar Al-Mayouf","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems"},{"key":"10.3233\/JHS-200644_ref8","first-page":"1","article-title":"Efficient and stable routing algorithm based on user mobility and node density in urban vehicular network","volume":"11","author":"Bahar Al-Mayouf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Public Library of Science (PLOS one)"},{"key":"10.3233\/JHS-200644_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R.\u00a0Bala and C.\u00a0Rama Krishna, Performance analysis of topology based routing in a VANET, in: Proc. IEEE 3rd International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics (ICACCI), Delhi, India, 2014, pp.\u00a02180\u20132184.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICACCI.2014.6968256"},{"key":"10.3233\/JHS-200644_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L.N.\u00a0Balico, H.A.B.F.\u00a0Oliveira, R.S.\u00a0Barreto, A.A.F.\u00a0Loureiro and R.W.\u00a0Pazzi, A prediction-based routing algorithm for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks, in: IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communication (ISCC), 2015.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCC.2015.7405542"},{"key":"10.3233\/JHS-200644_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P.\u00a0Bezerra, A.\u00a0Melo, A.\u00a0Douglas, H.\u00a0Santos, D.\u00a0Rosario and E.\u00a0Cerqueira, A collaborative routing protocol for video streaming with fog computing in vehicular ad hoc networks, in: Proc. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, Vol.\u00a015, 2019, pp.\u00a01\u201319.","DOI":"10.1177\/1550147719832839"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/JHS-200644_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2014.2371828","article-title":"Bio-inspired routing algorithms survey for Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks","volume":"17","author":"Bitam","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials"},{"key":"10.3233\/JHS-200644_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1687-1499-2014-42"},{"key":"10.3233\/JHS-200644_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C.\u00a0Chen, L.\u00a0Liu, N.\u00a0Zhang and S.\u00a0Wang, A bio inspired geographic routing in VANETs, in: Proc. IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Engineering (ICITE), 2016, pp.\u00a020\u201322.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICITE.2016.7581326"},{"key":"10.3233\/JHS-200644_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2016.04.008","article-title":"Lightweight intersection-based traffic aware routing in Urban vehicular networks","volume":"87","author":"Darwish","year":"2016","journal-title":"Elsevier Journal on Computer Communications"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.3233\/JHS-200644_ref16","first-page":"1","article-title":"Trusted and secured routing protocol for Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks","volume":"10","author":"Debasish","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Science and Technology"},{"key":"10.3233\/JHS-200644_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B.\u00a0Ding, Z.\u00a0Chen, Y.\u00a0Wang and H.\u00a0Yu, An improved AODV routing protocol for VANETs, in: Proc. IEEE International Conference on Wireless Communications and Signal Processing (WCSP), Nanjing, China, 2011, pp.\u00a01\u20135.","DOI":"10.1109\/WCSP.2011.6096736"},{"key":"10.3233\/JHS-200644_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V.V.\u00a0Duduku, A.\u00a0Chekima and J.A.\u00a0Dargham, Detection and mitigation of DoS attacks in VANET using secured minimum delay routing protocol, in: Proc.of the 8th International Conference on Soft Computing and Pattern Recognition (SoCPaR 2016) Springer, 2017, pp.\u00a0472\u2013479.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-60618-7_46"},{"key":"10.3233\/JHS-200644_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y.\u00a0Feng, M.\u00a0Fan, Q.\u00a0Xiao and L.\u00a0Wang, Load aware routing with delay threshold for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks, in: Proc. IEEE International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems, 2010.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPADS.2010.74"},{"key":"10.3233\/JHS-200644_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M.\u00a0Hadded, P.\u00a0Muhlethaler, A.\u00a0Laouiti and L.A.\u00a0Saidane, TDMA-aware routing protocol for multi-hop communications in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks, in: Proc. IEEE Conference on Wireless COmmunications and Networking (WCNC), 2017.","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC.2017.7925601"},{"key":"10.3233\/JHS-200644_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S.\u00a0Islam Chowdhury, W.-I.\u00a0Lee, Y.-S.\u00a0Choi, G.-Y.\u00a0Kee and J.-Y.\u00a0Pyun, Performance evaluation of reactive routing protocols in VANET, in: Proc. 17th IEEE Pacific Conference on Communications (APCC), Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia, 2011, pp.\u00a0559\u2013564.","DOI":"10.1109\/APCC.2011.6152871"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/JHS-200644_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/S1005-8885(16)60021-3","article-title":"Fog computing for Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks: Paradigms, scenarios, and issues","volume":"23","author":"Kai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. The Journal of China Universities of Posts and Telecommunications, Elsevier"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/JHS-200644_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-012-0623-5","article-title":"Cognitive agent based critical information gathering and dissemination in vehicular ad hoc networks","volume":"69","author":"Kakkasageri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Wireless Personal Communications, Springer"},{"key":"10.3233\/JHS-200644_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A.\u00a0Kchaou, R.\u00a0Abassi and S.\u00a0Guemara, A new trust based routing protocol for VANETs, in: Proc. COMSNET, 2018, pp.\u00a01\u20136.","DOI":"10.1109\/COMNET.2018.8621921"},{"issue":"455","key":"10.3233\/JHS-200644_ref27","first-page":"1","article-title":"Secure intelligent vehicular network using fog computing","volume":"8","author":"Kofi Erskine","year":"2019","journal-title":"MDPI Journal of Electronics"},{"key":"10.3233\/JHS-200644_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V.\u00a0Krundyshev, M.\u00a0Kalinin and P.\u00a0Zegzhda, Artificial swarm algorithm for VANET protection against routing attacks, in: Proc. IEEE Conference on Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems (ICPS), St. Petersburg, 2018, pp.\u00a0795\u2013800.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPHYS.2018.8390808"},{"key":"10.3233\/JHS-200644_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D.\u00a0Lee and S.\u00a0Lee, A study on the location-based VANET routing scheme in urban environments, in: Prof. 3rd IEEE International Conference on Network Infrastructure and Digital Content (IC-NIDC), Beijing, China, 2012, pp.\u00a0209\u2013211.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNIDC.2012.6418745"},{"key":"10.3233\/JHS-200644_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G.\u00a0Li and L.\u00a0Boukhatem, An intersection-based delay sensitive routing for VANETs using ACO algorithm, in: Proc. IEEE 23rd International Conference on Computer Communication and Networks (ICCCN), 2014, pp.\u00a04\u20137.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCN.2014.6911818"},{"key":"10.3233\/JHS-200644_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L.\u00a0Liu, C.\u00a0Chen, Z.\u00a0Ren, T.\u00a0Qiu and K.\u00a0Yang, A delay-aware and backbone-based geographic routing for urban VANET, in: Proc. IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC 2018), 2018.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2018.8422378"},{"key":"10.3233\/JHS-200644_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H.\u00a0Maowad and E.\u00a0Shaaban, Efficient routing protocol for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks, in: Proc. 9th IEEE International Conference on Networking, Sensing and Control (ICNSC-12), Beijing, China, 2012, pp.\u00a0209\u2013215.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNSC.2012.6204918"},{"key":"10.3233\/JHS-200644_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2017.04.024","article-title":"A game theory based trust model for Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs)","volume":"121","author":"Mohsin Mehdi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Computer Networks, Elsevier Publications"},{"key":"10.3233\/JHS-200644_ref34","unstructured":"A.\u00a0Mostafaa, A.M.\u00a0Vegnib, A.\u00a0Bandaranayakea and D.P.\u00a0Agrawala, QoS-aware node selection algorithm for routing protocols in VANETs, in: Proc. Elsevier International Conference on Selected Topics in Mobile and Wireless Networking (MoWNet-2014), 2014, pp.\u00a01\u20138."},{"key":"10.3233\/JHS-200644_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N.J.\u00a0Patel and R.H.\u00a0Jhaveri, Trust based approaches for secure routing in VANET: A survey, in: Proc. Elsevier International Conference on Advanced Computing Technologies and Applications (ICACTA-2015), 2015, pp.\u00a0592\u2013601.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2015.03.112"},{"key":"10.3233\/JHS-200644_ref36","unstructured":"C.\u00a0Ponikvar and H.J.\u00a0Hof, Overview on security approaches in intelligent transportation systems: Searching for hybrid trust establishment solutions for VANETs, in: Proc. Secureware: The 9th International Conference on Emerging Security Information, Systems and Technologies, 2015."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.3233\/JHS-200644_ref37","first-page":"1637","article-title":"Secure group of authentication technique for VANET","volume":"15","author":"Punitha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian Journal of Information Technology"},{"key":"10.3233\/JHS-200644_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K.\u00a0Rajesh, K.R.\u00a0Virnal and G.S.\u00a0Raj, An efficient reactive location based Ad Hoc routing protocol for VANETs, in: Proc. 5th IEEE International Conference on Advanced Computing (ICoAC), Chennai, India, 2013, pp.\u00a0468\u2013471.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICoAC.2013.6921995"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/JHS-200644_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-017-1620-0","article-title":"A new cost function for improving anypath routing performance of VANETs in highways","volume":"25","author":"Sadatpour","year":"2019","journal-title":"Springer journal on Wireless Networks"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/JHS-200644_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1111\/coin.12261","article-title":"Routing using reinforcement learning in vehicular ad hoc networks","volume":"36","author":"Saravanan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Computational Intelligence, Wiley"},{"key":"10.3233\/JHS-200644_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M.J.\u00a0Sataraddi and M.S.\u00a0Kakkasageri, BDI agent based dynamic routing scheme for vehicle-to-vehicle communication in VANETs, in: Proc. IEEE International Conference on Smart Technology for Smart Nation (SmartTechCon2017), REVA University, Bangalore, India, 2017, pp.\u00a0665\u2013670.","DOI":"10.1109\/SmartTechCon.2017.8358468"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/JHS-200644_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2010.06.003","article-title":"Connectivity-aware minimum-delay geographic routing with vehicle tracking in VANETs","volume":"9","author":"Shafiee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Elsevier Journal Ad Hoc Networks"},{"issue":"4954","key":"10.3233\/JHS-200644_ref43","first-page":"1","article-title":"Secure trust-based blockchain architecture to prevent attacks in VANET","volume":"19","author":"Shahid Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"MDPI Journal of Sensors"},{"key":"10.3233\/JHS-200644_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95033","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2928753","article-title":"Regional blockchain for vehicular networks to prevent 51% attacks","volume":"7","author":"Shrestha","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access Journal"},{"key":"10.3233\/JHS-200644_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S.\u00a0Sukumaran, L.\u00a0Ramachandran and S.\u00a0Rani, Intersection based traffic aware routing in VANET, in: Proc. IEEE International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics (ICACCI), Mysore, India, 2013, pp.\u00a01414\u20131417.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICACCI.2013.6637386"},{"key":"10.3233\/JHS-200644_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"I.A.\u00a0Sumra, I.\u00a0Ahmad, H.\u00a0Hasbullah, J-l.\u00a0bin and A.\u00a0Manan, Classes of attacks in VANET, in: 2011 Saudi International Electronics, Communications and Photonics Conference (SIECPC), IEEE, Riyadh, 2011, pp.\u00a01\u20135.","DOI":"10.1109\/SIECPC.2011.5876939"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/JHS-200644_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3967","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2019.2899627","article-title":"Delay-minimization routing for heterogeneous VANETs with machine learning based mobility prediction","volume":"68","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/JHS-200644_ref48","first-page":"99","article-title":"Trust-based distributed authentication method for collision attack avoidance in VANETs","volume":"1","author":"Tolba","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.3233\/JHS-200644_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eij.2016.11.003","article-title":"Performance analysis and implementation of proposed mechanism for detection and prevention of security attacks in routing protocols of vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET)","volume":"18","author":"Tyag","year":"2017","journal-title":"Egyptian Informatics Journal"},{"key":"10.3233\/JHS-200644_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B.\u00a0Vidhale and S.S.\u00a0Dorle, Performance analysis of routing protocols in realistic environment for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks, in: Proc. 21st IEEE International Conference on Systems Engineering (ICSEng), Las Vegas, USA, 2011, pp.\u00a0267\u2013272.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSEng.2011.55"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.3233\/JHS-200644_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4251","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2013.2273945","article-title":"Flexible, portable, and practicable solution for routing in VANETs: A fuzzy constraint Q-learning approach","volume":"62","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions On Vehicular Technology"},{"key":"10.3233\/JHS-200644_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2143","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-018-5809-z","article-title":"Reinforcement learning based mobility adaptive routing for Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks","volume":"101","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Wireless Personnel Communication, Springer"},{"key":"10.3233\/JHS-200644_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L.\u00a0Zhao, Y.\u00a0Li, C.\u00a0Meng, C.\u00a0Gong and X.\u00a0Tang, A SVM based routing scheme in VANETs, in: Proc. IEEE International Symposium on Communications and Information Technologies (ISCIT), Qingdao, 2016, pp.\u00a0380\u2013383.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCIT.2016.7751655"}],"container-title":["Journal of High Speed Networks"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/JHS-200644","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T08:44:15Z","timestamp":1777452255000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.3233\/JHS-200644"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/jhs-200644","relation":{},"ISSN":["1875-8940","0926-6801"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1875-8940","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0926-6801","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]]}}}