{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T06:33:21Z","timestamp":1777703601264,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,14]],"date-time":"2016-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1479081600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Intelligent &amp; Fuzzy Systems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Proximity-based Logic Programming is a formal framework for representing general or non-specialized knowledge. Although it is a powerful tool, it is too complex because the values of the proximity equations (fuzzy binary relations that establish the relationships among the symbols of a first-order language) must be manually defined by the designer of the system. In this paper, we propose a new framework for Proximity-based Logic Programming enhanced with WordNet and Interval-Valued Fuzzy Sets. Its main contribution is to compile automatically the information provided by WordNet and generate an interval-valued proximity relation on the set of their words. This proposal is completely integrated inside the unification mechanism of\n                    <jats:sans-serif>Bousi<\/jats:sans-serif>\n                    ~\n                    <jats:sans-serif>Prolog<\/jats:sans-serif>\n                    system. This allows us to introduce the lexical knowledge induced from a linguistic resource, such as WordNet, into an approximate reasoning system. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that WordNet is introduced into the core of a Prolog system by means of compilation techniques and lexical knowledge is combined with proximity-based unification frame.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/jifs-16377","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,15]],"date-time":"2016-11-15T10:38:50Z","timestamp":1479206330000},"page":"2425-2436","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Towards fuzzy lexical reasoning"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Clemente","family":"Rubio-Manzano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Systems, University of the B\u00edo-B\u00edo, Concepci\u00f3n, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Pereira-Fari\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Argument Technology (ARG-tech), University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK"},{"name":"Departamento de Filosof\u00eda e Antropolox\u00eda Social, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-31709-5_44"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","first-page":"154","author":"Le\u00f3n-Ara\u00faz P.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Le\u00f3n-Ara\u00fazP., G\u00f3mez-RomeroJ. and BobilloF., A Fuzzy Ontology Extension of WordNet and EuroWordnet for Specialized Knowledge, in: Proceedings of the Terminology and Knowledge Engineering Conference 2012 (TKE-2012), 2012, pp. 154\u2013 139\u2013154.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Terminology and Knowledge Engineering Conference 2012 (TKE-2012)"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artint.2003.09.001"},{"issue":"34","key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","first-page":"159","article-title":"Foundations for the situation calculus","volume":"2","author":"Levesque H.","year":"1998","unstructured":"LevesqueH., PirriF. and ReiterR., Foundations for the situation calculus, Electronic Transactions on Artificial Intelligence 2(34) (1998), 159\u2013178.","journal-title":"Electronic Transactions on Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(86)90032-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","first-page":"25","article-title":"Prolog for automatic processing of synonymy","volume":"4","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Lanza S.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-LanzaS., Prolog for automatic processing of synonymy, Logica Trianguli 4 (2000), 25\u201334.","journal-title":"Logica Trianguli"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","author":"Minsky M.","year":"2006","unstructured":"MinskyM., The emotion machine: Commonsense thinking, artificial intelligence and the future of human mind, Simon and Schuster, 2006.","journal-title":"The emotion machine: Commonsense thinking, artificial intelligence and the future of human mind"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2016.05.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","volume-title":"Building large knowledge-based systems; representation and inference in the Cyc project","author":"Lenat D.B.","year":"1989","unstructured":"LenatD.B. and GuhaR.V., Building large knowledge-based systems; representation and inference in the Cyc project,Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing Co., Inc., 1989."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/219717.219748"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","first-page":"293","article-title":"Commonsense Reasoning in and over Natural Language","author":"Liu H.","year":"2004","unstructured":"LiuH. and SinghP., Commonsense Reasoning in and over Natural Language, Proc of the 8th International Conference on Knowledge-Based Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems, 2004, pp. 293\u2013306.","journal-title":"Proc of the 8th International Conference on Knowledge-Based Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FUZZ-IEEE.2014.6891667"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/IFS-130834"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(82)90012-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3975(01)00188-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-21498-1_53"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","first-page":"260","article-title":"Likelog: A logic programming language for flexible data retrieval","author":"Fontana F.","year":"1999","unstructured":"FontanaF. and FormatoF., Likelog: A logic programming language for flexible data retrieval. 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