{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T06:49:22Z","timestamp":1777704562958,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,16]],"date-time":"2018-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1539648000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Intelligent &amp; Fuzzy Systems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Due to the fast growth of multimedia archives, the semantic gap is becoming a vital problem between machine learning based semantic concepts and local features of the image to retrieve images accurately. To address this issue, the proposed method of this article introduces two novel methods for effective image retrieval known as visual words integration after clustering (VWIaC) and feature integration before clustering (FIbC). These methods use complementary features of histograms of oriented gradients (HOG) and oriented FAST and rotated BRIEF (ORB) descriptors founded on the bag-of-words (BoW) model for salient objects within the images to build smaller and larger sizes of codebooks. To achieve higher efficiency in terms of specificity of the image retrieval system, the codebook of larger sizes are preferred, while larger sizes codebook produces low sensitivity and vice versa. The proposed method of VWIaC produces two smaller sizes codebooks to achieve higher sensitivity. After that visual words of both smaller size codebooks are integrated to produce larger size codebook, which improves the specificity of the proposed method. The performance of the proposed method is tested on three standard image benchmarks, which verifies its vigorous performance as compared to an FIbC method and recent CBIR methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/jifs-171137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,9]],"date-time":"2018-11-09T15:17:52Z","timestamp":1541776672000},"page":"5421-5434","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Effect of complementary visual words versus complementary features on clustering for effective content-based image search"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Zahid","family":"Mehmood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Software Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Rashid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amjad","family":"Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer and Information Systems, Al-Yamamah University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tanzila","family":"Saba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer and Information Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hassan","family":"Dawood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Software Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hussain","family":"Dawood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2016.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2536798"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1348246.1348248"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(01)00043-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","first-page":"1139","article-title":"What makes a patch distinct? in Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)","author":"Margolin R.","year":"2013","unstructured":"R.Margolin, A.Tal and L.Zelnik-Manor, What makes a patch distinct? in Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2013 IEEE Conference on, 2013, pp. 1139\u20131146.","journal-title":"2013 IEEE Conference on"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/338407.338502"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2005.177"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","first-page":"2564","article-title":"ORB: An efficient alternative to SIFT or SURF","author":"Rublee E.","year":"2011","unstructured":"E.Rublee, V.Rabaud, K.Konolige and G.Bradski, ORB: An efficient alternative to SIFT or SURF, in Computer Vision (ICCV), 2011 IEEE International Conference on, 2011, pp. 2564\u20132571.","journal-title":"in Computer Vision (ICCV), 2011 IEEE International Conference on"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","first-page":"844","article-title":"Kernel principal component analysis for content based image retrieval","author":"Cha G.-H.","year":"2005","unstructured":"G.-H.Cha, Kernel principal component analysis for content based image retrieval, in Pacific-Asia Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, 2005, pp. 844\u2013849.","journal-title":"in Pacific-Asia Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","first-page":"1027","article-title":"k-means++: The advantages of careful seeding","author":"Arthur D.","year":"2007","unstructured":"D.Arthur and S.Vassilvitskii, k-means++: The advantages of careful seeding, in Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms, 2007, pp. 1027\u20131035.","journal-title":"in Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","article-title":"A SIFT-LBP image retrieval model based on bag of features","author":"Yuan X.","year":"2011","unstructured":"X.Yuan, J.Yu, Z.Qin and T.Wan, A SIFT-LBP image retrieval model based on bag of features, in IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, 2011.","journal-title":"in IEEE International Conference on Image Processing"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2016.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","first-page":"54","article-title":"A novel image retrieval based on rectangular spatial histograms of visual words","volume":"45","author":"Mehmood Z.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Z.Mehmood, S.M.Anwar and M.Altaf, A novel image retrieval based on rectangular spatial histograms of visual words, Kuwait Journal of Science 45 (2018), 54\u201369.","journal-title":"Kuwait Journal of Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","first-page":"016555151878282","article-title":"A novel method for content-based image retrieval to improve the effectiveness of the bag-of-words model using a support vector machine","author":"Sarwar A.","year":"2018","unstructured":"A.Sarwar, Z.Mehmood, T.Saba, K.A.Qazi, A.Adnan and H.Jamal, A novel method for content-based image retrieval to improve the effectiveness of the bag-of-words model using a support vector machine, Journal of Information Science (2018), 0165551518782825.","journal-title":"Journal of Information Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Scene analysis and search using local features and support vector machine for effective content-based image retrieval","author":"Sharif U.","year":"2018","unstructured":"U.Sharif, Z.Mehmood, T.Mahmood, M.A.Javid, A.Rehman and T.Saba, Scene analysis and search using local features and support vector machine for effective content-based image retrieval, Artificial Intelligence Review (2018), 1\u201325.","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence Review"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0194526"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2015.10.044"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvcir.2016.02.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvcir.2016.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvcir.2017.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2017.03.072"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-017-5010-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","first-page":"10.5244","article-title":"A combined corner and edge detector","author":"Harris C.","year":"1988","unstructured":"C.Harris and M.Stephens, A combined corner and edge detector, in Alvey Vision Conference, 1988, p. 10.5244.","journal-title":"in Alvey Vision Conference"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-017-0957-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/8217250"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.3115\/1557690.1557758","article-title":"splitSVM: Fast, space-efficient, non-heuristic, polynomial kernel computation for NLP applications","author":"Goldberg Y.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Y.Goldberg and M.Elhadad, splitSVM: Fast, space-efficient, non-heuristic, polynomial kernel computation for NLP applications, in Proceedings of the 46th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics on Human Language Technologies: Short Papers, 2008, pp. 237\u2013240.","journal-title":"in Proceedings of the 46th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics on Human Language Technologies: Short Papers"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2005.165"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","first-page":"2018","article-title":"A novel technique based on visual words fusion analysis of sparse features for effective content-based image retrieval","author":"Yousuf M.","year":"2018","unstructured":"M.Yousuf, Z.Mehmood, H.A.Habib, T.Mahmood, T.Saba, A.Rehman, et al., A novel technique based on visual words fusion analysis of sparse features for effective content-based image retrieval, Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2018 (2018).","journal-title":"Mathematical Problems in Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Content-based image retrieval based on visual words fusion versus features fusion of local and global features","author":"Mehmood Z.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Z.Mehmood, F.Abbas, T.Mahmood, M.A.Javid, A.Rehman and T.Nawaz, Content-based image retrieval based on visual words fusion versus features fusion of local and global features, Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 2018, pp. 1\u201320.","journal-title":"Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13640-018-0285-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2003.1227984"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_33_2","first-page":"304","article-title":"Hamming embedding and weak geometric consistency for large scale image search","author":"Jegou H.","year":"2008","unstructured":"H.Jegou, M.Douze and C.Schmid, Hamming embedding and weak geometric consistency for large scale image search, in European Conference on Computer Vision, 2008, pp. 304\u2013317.","journal-title":"in European Conference on Computer Vision"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-017-5587-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2015.07.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2013.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvcir.2014.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_38_2","first-page":"569","author":"Ping Guo Q.Y.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Q.Y.Ping Guo and X.Zhou, Image semantic analysis, (2015), 569\u2013576.","journal-title":"Image semantic analysis"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_39_2","first-page":"10","article-title":"Feature synthesized EM algorithm for image retrieval","volume":"4","author":"Li R.","year":"2008","unstructured":"R.Li, B.Bhanu and A.Dong, Feature synthesized EM algorithm for image retrieval, ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications (TOMM) 4 (2008), 10.","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications (TOMM)"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2016.08.106"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_41_2","first-page":"19","article-title":"Evaluation of gist descriptors for web-scale image search","author":"Douze M.","year":"2009","unstructured":"M.Douze, H.Jegou, H.Sandhawalia, L.Amsaleg and C.Schmid, Evaluation of gist descriptors for web-scale image search, in Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Image and Video Retrieval, 2009, p. 19.","journal-title":"in Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Image and Video Retrieval"}],"container-title":["Journal of Intelligent &amp; Fuzzy Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3233\/JIFS-171137","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.3233\/JIFS-171137","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3233\/JIFS-171137","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T09:41:29Z","timestamp":1777455689000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.3233\/JIFS-171137"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,16]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,20]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3233\/JIFS-171137"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/jifs-171137","relation":{},"ISSN":["1064-1246","1875-8967"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1064-1246","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-8967","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,16]]}}}