{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T05:50:47Z","timestamp":1784094647302,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,19]],"date-time":"2018-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1524096000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Intelligent &amp; Fuzzy Systems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Through advancing in information and communications technology, Smart Cities provide many potential advantages like improved energy efficiency, new economic opportunities and management methods, however the information security in the top-level design of building a quite efficient smart city is easy to be ignored and caused a huge economic losses for citizens. We focus on mining information risks of smart city from the perspective of system, identifying the key risks and determining the importance of each factor, in order to measure the risk accurately. This paper presents a failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) method to analyze five dimensions of the information security of smart city, and assess the risks on the basis of the fuzzy set theory and the grey relational theory. Due to the problem is the risk assessment of multi-dimension for an organization information security, we present a decision model that provides an efficient framework for calculating the value of risk assessment. The results indicate that aspects of the highest importance of the information security risk of smart city are the threats in natural, contrived and physical aspects, followed by the lack of public security education and training. Through the analysis we can find out the relationship between the failure modes and the overall situation of the system, then it can distinguish the main factors which play a driving role, and the secondary factors which have less impact on the system. According to the assessment results, some suggestions are put forward to guarantee the information security of smart city. The practical application of fuzzy and grey FMEA proposed in this paper helps enhance the reliability of the prediction, and the ranking of risk factors can be used for better decision-making concerning taking measures, which in turn will make smart city safer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/jifs-172097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,20]],"date-time":"2018-04-20T11:11:37Z","timestamp":1524222697000},"page":"2491-2501","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Assessing information security risk for an evolving smart city based on fuzzy and grey FMEA"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Xiaotong","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China"},{"name":"Shaanxi Soft Science Institute of Informatization and Digital Economy, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China"},{"name":"Shaanxi Soft Science Institute of Informatization and Digital Economy, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingzhen","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China"},{"name":"Shaanxi Soft Science Institute of Informatization and Digital Economy, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China"},{"name":"Shaanxi Soft Science Institute of Informatization and Digital Economy, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000210"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","unstructured":"BeltonV. and StewartT.J. Multiple criteria decision analysis: An integrated approach Kluwer Academic Publishers Boston; 2002."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"64","article-title":"An application of qualitative risk analysis to computer security for the commercial sector","author":"Bennett S.P.","year":"1992","unstructured":"BennettS.P. and KailayM.P., An application of qualitative risk analysis to computer security for the commercial sector, Computer Security Applications Conference (1992), 64\u201373.","journal-title":"Computer Security Applications Conference"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41066-017-0039-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2010.09.046"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/3477.537318"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/3477.969496"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2010.09.048"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Forecasting enrollments of students by using fuzzy time series and genetic algorithms","volume":"17","author":"Chen S.M.","year":"2006","unstructured":"ChenS.M. and ChungN.Y., Forecasting enrollments of students by using fuzzy time series and genetic algorithms, International Journal of Information and Management Sciences 17(3) (2006), 1\u201317.","journal-title":"International Journal of Information and Management Sciences"},{"issue":"2014","key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","first-page":"63","article-title":"Multicriteria linguistic decision making based on hesitant fuzzy linguistic term sets and the aggregation of fuzzy sets","volume":"286","author":"Chen S.M.","unstructured":"ChenS.M. and HongJ.A., Multicriteria linguistic decision making based on hesitant fuzzy linguistic term sets and the aggregation of fuzzy sets, Information Sciences 286(2014), 63\u201374.","journal-title":"Information Sciences"},{"issue":"2013","key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","first-page":"62","article-title":"TAIEX forecasting based on fuzzy time series, particle swarm optimization techniques and support vector machines","volume":"247","author":"Chen S.M.","unstructured":"ChenS.M. and KaoP.Y., TAIEX forecasting based on fuzzy time series, particle swarm optimization techniques and support vector machines, Information Sciences 247(2013), 62\u201371.","journal-title":"Information Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2009.02.085"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2006.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41066-016-0024-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-6911(82)80025-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2014.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-21006-3_38"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1539-6924.2010.01468.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TFUZZ.2004.840134"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41066-017-0050-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2013.2296516"},{"issue":"2014","key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","first-page":"472","article-title":"New requirements for managers of public safety systems","volume":"149","author":"Kozuch B.","unstructured":"KozuchB. and Sienkiewicz-MalyjurekK., New requirements for managers of public safety systems, Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 149(2014), 472\u2013478.","journal-title":"Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2007.12.002"},{"issue":"2014","key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","first-page":"80","article-title":"Towards an effective framework for building smart cities: Lessons from Seoul and San Francisco","volume":"89","author":"Lee J.H.","unstructured":"LeeJ.H., HancockM.G. and HuM.C., Towards an effective framework for building smart cities: Lessons from Seoul and San Francisco, Technological Forecasting and Social Change 89(2014), 80\u201399.","journal-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10845-014-0915-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41066-017-0047-4"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","first-page":"111","article-title":"The current developing status on grey system theory","volume":"19","author":"Liu S.","year":"2007","unstructured":"LiuS. and ForrestJ., The current developing status on grey system theory, Journal of Grey System 19(2) (2007), 111\u2013123.","journal-title":"Journal of Grey System"},{"issue":"2017","key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","first-page":"108","article-title":"Identifying services for short-term load forecasting using data driven models in a Smart City platform","volume":"28","author":"Massana J.","unstructured":"MassanaJ., PousC., BurgasL., MelendezJ. and ColomerJ., Identifying services for short-term load forecasting using data driven models in a Smart City platform, Sustainable Cities and Society 28(2017), 108\u2013117.","journal-title":"Sustainable Cities and Society"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41066-017-0038-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2010.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"PedryczW. and ChenS.M. Granular Computing and Decision-Making: Interactive and Iterative Approaches Springer Heidelberg Germany 2015.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-16829-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"PedryczW. EkelP. and ParreirasR. Fuzzy multicriteria decision-making: Models methods and applications Wiley 2011.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470974032"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41066-017-0045-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41066-017-0041-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41066-016-0030-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2014.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2753\/MIS0742-1222220405"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1363-4127(01)00304-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2011.11.117"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","first-page":"3328","volume-title":"Parallel Cat Swarm Optimization","volume":"6","author":"Tsai P.W.","year":"2008","unstructured":"TsaiP.W., PanJ.S., ChenS.M., LiaoB.Y. and HaoS.P., Parallel Cat Swarm Optimization, Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics, Kunming, China 6 (2008), 3328\u20133333."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/int.20148"},{"issue":"2017","key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","first-page":"314","article-title":"A novel communication system approach for a Smart City based on the human nervous system","volume":"76","author":"Uribe-Perez N.","unstructured":"Uribe-PerezN. and PousC., A novel communication system approach for a Smart City based on the human nervous system, Future Generation Computer Systems 76(2017), 314\u2013328.","journal-title":"Future Generation Computer Systems"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41066-017-0046-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEE.2015.00061"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2007.11.028"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41066-016-0023-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41066-015-0006-x"},{"issue":"1965","key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","first-page":"338","article-title":"Fuzzy sets","volume":"8","author":"Zadeh L.A.","unstructured":"ZadehL.A., Fuzzy sets, Information and control 8(1965), 338\u2013353.","journal-title":"Information and control"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2011.08.008"},{"issue":"2016","key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","first-page":"74","article-title":"Fuzzy and grey theories in failure mode and effect analysis for tanker equipment failure prediction","volume":"83","author":"Zhou Q.J.","unstructured":"ZhouQ.J. and ThaiV.V., Fuzzy and grey theories in failure mode and effect analysis for tanker equipment failure prediction, Safety Science 83(2016), 74\u201379.","journal-title":"Safety Science"}],"container-title":["Journal of Intelligent &amp; Fuzzy Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3233\/JIFS-172097","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.3233\/JIFS-172097","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3233\/JIFS-172097","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T09:38:48Z","timestamp":1777455528000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.3233\/JIFS-172097"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,19]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,19]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3233\/JIFS-172097"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/jifs-172097","relation":{},"ISSN":["1064-1246","1875-8967"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1064-1246","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-8967","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,19]]}}}