{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T22:22:55Z","timestamp":1770157375678,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,16]],"date-time":"2020-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592265600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Intelligent &amp; Fuzzy Systems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    \u00a0When people communicate, we often face situations where decisions have to be made, regardless of silence of one of the interlocutors. That is, we have to decide from incomplete information, guessing the intentions of the silent person. Implicatures allow to make inferences from what is said, but we can also infer from omission, or specifically from intentional silence in a conversation. In some contexts, not saying\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    generates a conversational implicature: that the speaker did not have sufficient reason, all things considered, to say\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    . This behaviour has been studied by several disciplines but barely touched in logic or artificial intelligence. After reviewing some previous studies of intentional silence and implicature, we formulate a semantics with five different interpretations of omissive implicature, in terms of the Says() predicate, and focus on puzzles involving assertions or testimonies, to analyze their implications. Several conclusions are derived from the different possibilities that were opened for analysis after taking into account silence. Finally, we develop a general strategy for the use of the proposed semantics in cases involving some kind of silence.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/jifs-179877","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,19]],"date-time":"2020-06-19T12:05:31Z","timestamp":1592568331000},"page":"2115-2126","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A semantics of intentional silence in omissive implicature"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Alfonso","family":"Garc\u00e9s-B\u00e1ez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Astrof\u00edsica \u00d3ptica y Electr\u00f3nica. Sta. Ma. Tonantzintla, Puebla. M\u00e9xico"}]},{"given":"Aurelio","family":"L\u00f3pez-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Astrof\u00edsica \u00d3ptica y Electr\u00f3nica. Sta. Ma. Tonantzintla, Puebla. M\u00e9xico"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/soutjanth.26.3.3629378"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-2681(98)00121-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-6486.00384"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","unstructured":"U. Eco Signo. Labor (1994)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez RuizG. Decir sin decir: Implicatura convencional y expresiones que la generan en espa\u00f1ol. El Colegio de Mexico AC (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00e9s-B\u00e1ezA. and L\u00f3pez-L\u00f3pezA. First approach to semantics of silence in testimonies. In: Proceedings of The 18th International Conference of the Italian Association for Artificial Intelligence (to appear). Springer (2019).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-35166-3_6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","unstructured":"GebserM. KaminskiR. KaufmannB. OstrowskiM. SchaubT. and WankoP. Theory solvingmade easywith clingo 5. In: OASIcs-OpenAccess Series in Informatics. vol. 52. Schloss Dagstuhl-Leibniz-Zentrum fuer Informatik (2016)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GelfondM. and KahlY. Knowledge representation reasoning and the design of intelligent agents: The answer-set programming approach. 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Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG (2015).","DOI":"10.1515\/9781501501449"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-2166(94)00036-E"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0743-1066(98)10015-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5840\/philtopics201745216"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","unstructured":"VanderPlasJ. Python data science handbook: essential tools for working with data. \u201cO\u2019Reilly Media Inc.\u201d (2016)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"WaltonD. Witness Testimony Evidence: Argumentation Artificial Intelligence and Law Cambridge University Press 2008.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511619533"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","unstructured":"WylieC.R. 101 puzzles in thought and logic vol. 367. Courier Corporation (1957)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","unstructured":"ZaltaE.N. NodelmanU. AllenC. and PerryJ. 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