{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T07:29:10Z","timestamp":1770276550480,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,16]],"date-time":"2019-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1557964800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Intelligent &amp; Fuzzy Systems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Movements of objects take place in different contexts and their trajectories are highly influenced by the contexts. Several studies have been conducted in the last decade on similarity measuring of raw trajectories, but very few have used context information in this process. Because the context information is collected from multifarious sources, it is qualitatively and quantitatively heterogeneous and uncertain. Therefore, the current distance functions are unable to measure the similarities between trajectories by considering the heterogeneous context information. This article presents a new context-aware hybrid fuzzy model, named CaFIRST, to measure the similarity of trajectories by considering not only the spatial footprints of moving objects but also various types of internal and external context information. CaFIRST is able to handle multi-size trajectories that are contextually enriched by both quantitative (numeric) and qualitative (descriptive) values. The performance of CaFIRST was examined using two real data sets, obtained from pedestrians and cyclists in New York City, USA. The results showed the robustness of CaFIRST for quantifying the commonalities in multivariate trajectories and its sensitivity to small alterations in context information. Furthermore, the effects of internal and external context information on similarity values are shown to be remarkable.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/jifs-181252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,17]],"date-time":"2019-05-17T11:41:23Z","timestamp":1558093283000},"page":"5383-5395","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["CaFIRST: A context-aware hybrid fuzzy inference system for the similarity measure of multivariate trajectories"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Sharif","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Faculty of Literature and Human Science, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran"}]},{"given":"Ali Asghar","family":"Alesheikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geospatial Information Systems, Faculty of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran"}]},{"given":"Behnam","family":"Tashayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surveying Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Transportation, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi6050136"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TFUZZ.2006.889880"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","author":"Amouzandeh K.","year":"2018","unstructured":"K.Amouzandeh, S.Goudarzi and F.Karimipour, Contextual analysis of spatio-temporal walking observations, Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018.","journal-title":"Contextual analysis of spatio-temporal walking observations"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-012-0909-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2018.05.004"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","first-page":"101","article-title":"Similarity of trajectories taking into account geographic context","volume":"2014","author":"Buchin M.","unstructured":"M.Buchin, S.Dodge and B.Speckmann, Similarity of trajectories taking into account geographic context, Journal of Spatial Information Science 2014(9), 101\u2013124.","journal-title":"Journal of Spatial Information Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JIFS-169467"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15472450.2018.1436968"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40462-015-0032-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2011.630003"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.datak.2018.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","article-title":"Multidimensional Similarity measuring for semantic trajectories","author":"Furtado A.S.","year":"2015","unstructured":"A.S.Furtado, et al., Multidimensional Similarity measuring for semantic trajectories, Transactions in GIS, 2015.","journal-title":"Transactions in GIS"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006504901164"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2014.08.057"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2015.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-04185-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-10268-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","author":"Lin D.","year":"1998","unstructured":"D.Lin, An information-theoretic definition of similarity, in ICML, 1998.","journal-title":"An information-theoretic definition of similarity"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2012.08.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2501654.2501656"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JIFS-17075"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","first-page":"113","article-title":"Similarity measurement of trajectories based on contextual data in constrained euclidean space","volume":"5","author":"Sharif M.","year":"2016","unstructured":"M.Sharif and A.A.Alesheikh, Similarity measurement of trajectories based on contextual data in constrained euclidean space, Journal of Geomatics Science and Technology 5(4) (2016), 113\u2013125.","journal-title":"Journal of Geomatics Science and Technology"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15481603.2017.1278644"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","author":"Sharif M.","year":"2017","unstructured":"M.Sharif and A.A.Alesheikh, Multi-dimensional pattern discovery of trajectories using contextual information, in 12th 3D Geoinfo Conference 2017, International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences: Melbourne, Australia, 2017.","journal-title":"Multi-dimensional pattern discovery of trajectories using contextual information"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/widm.1233"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","volume-title":"Adjunct Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Location Based Services","author":"Sharif M.","year":"2018","unstructured":"M.Sharif, A.A.Alesheikh and B.Tashayo, Similarity measure of trajectories using contextual information and fuzzy approach, in Adjunct Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Location Based Services, 2018, ETH Zurich."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/02656710510625248"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.datak.2007.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su9010134"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tgis.12181"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2018.2816018"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_33_2","unstructured":"Wikiloc. 2017; Available from: https:\/\/www.wikiloc.com\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-16248-0_69"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-012-0117-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2013.854369"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-011-0277-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14778\/2732939.2732949"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2014.02.013"}],"container-title":["Journal of Intelligent &amp; Fuzzy Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3233\/JIFS-181252","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.3233\/JIFS-181252","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3233\/JIFS-181252","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T17:53:51Z","timestamp":1770227631000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.3233\/JIFS-181252"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,16]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3233\/JIFS-181252"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/jifs-181252","relation":{},"ISSN":["1064-1246","1875-8967"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1064-1246","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-8967","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,16]]}}}