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To solve large-scale WTA problems effectively, a distributed MAX-MIN Ant System (MMAS) algorithm based on distributed computing framework Spark was developed and improved. An experiment environment comprising virtual machines was built for implementing the distributed MMAS. First, a small-scale WTA example, whose theoretical optimal solution can be obtained by existing optimization software, was taken as a benchmark problem to assess the performance of distributed MMAS. The result shows that it can find high-quality and robust approximate solutions. Then a large-scale WTA problem was constructed and used to further evaluate the performance of distributed MMAS in the experiment environment. The result shows that the distributed MMAS can also achieve high-quality approximate solutions with high robustness and computational efficiency even for large scale WTA problems. Our study demonstrates it is a promising approach for solving large-scale iteration-dependent optimization problems like WTA by means of incorporating heuristic optimization algorithms such as Ant Colony Optimization into distributed computing framework.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/jifs-18482","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,5]],"date-time":"2018-08-05T06:40:49Z","timestamp":1533451249000},"page":"3685-3696","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Distributed MMAS for weapon target assignment based on Spark framework"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Ming","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Beihang University, Beijing, China"}]},{"given":"Weiguo","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Beihang University, Beijing, China"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.6.3.346"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.14.6.992"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","first-page":"1054 1058","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE Summer Conference on Simulation","author":"Lloyd S.P.","year":"1986","unstructured":"LloydS.P., WitsenhausenH.S., Weapons allocation is NP-complete, in Proceedings of IEEE Summer Conference on Simulation, pp. 1054\u20131058, Reno, Nevada, 1986."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.7.3.322"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1520-6750(198710)34:5<605::AID-NAV3220340502>3.0.CO;2-L"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219622015500388"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2016.11.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/9897153"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2514\/1.G002598"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08839514.2018.1451137"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2015.09.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2015.09.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2015.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2015.09.060"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/498255a"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/41703503"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01966324.1993.10737345"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-6275-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","first-page":"76","article-title":"Swarm Intelligence Optimization Algorithms for Weapon Target Allocation Problem in Multilayer Defense Scenario","volume":"43","author":"Fang W.","year":"2013","unstructured":"FangW. and ShiX., Swarm Intelligence Optimization Algorithms for Weapon Target Allocation Problem in Multilayer Defense Scenario, Mathematics in Practice & Theory 43 (2013), 76\u201384.","journal-title":"Mathematics in Practice & Theory"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","first-page":"125","volume-title":"Proceedings of Service System Engineering Conference & Symposium on Analytics and Risk 2017","author":"Cao M.","year":"2017","unstructured":"CaoM., FangW., Distributed Computation Based on Spark Framework: A Solution for Weapon Target Assignment Decision Making, in Proceedings of Service System Engineering Conference & Symposium on Analytics and Risk 2017, pp. 125\u2013137, Shanghai, China, 2017."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2017.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpdc.2017.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.07.052"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2016.06.029"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCC.2015.2451649"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-739X(00)00043-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","first-page":"9","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Industrial Management","author":"Abdelali B.","year":"2012","unstructured":"AbdelaliB., FangW., Decision Making Using Parallel Ant Colony Optimization On Weapon Target Assignment In Multilayer Air Defense, Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Industrial Management, pp. 9\u201318, Tokyo, 2012."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","author":"Spark A.","year":"2015","unstructured":"SparkA., Spark 2015. 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