{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T06:51:41Z","timestamp":1777704701448,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IFS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper details the examination of a particular case of data compression, where the compression algorithm removes the redundancy from data, which occurs when edge-based compression algorithms compress (previously compressed) pixelated images. The newly created redundancy can be removed using another round of compression. This work utilized the JPEG-LS as an example of an edge-based compression algorithm for compressing pixelated images. The output of this process was subjected to another round of compression using a more robust but slower compressor (PAQ8f). The compression ratio of the second compression was, on average, \u00a018%, which is high for random data. The results of the second compression were superior to the lossy JPEG. Under the used data set, lossy JPEG needs to sacrifice \u00a010% on average to realize nearly total lossless compression ratios of the two-successive compressions. To generalize the results, fast general-purpose compression algorithms (7z, bz2, and Gzip) were used too.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/jifs-201563","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T14:33:24Z","timestamp":1619534004000},"page":"10661-10669","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Second compression for pixelated images under edge-based compression algorithms: JPEG-LS as an example"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Kamal","family":"Al-Khayyat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kulliyyah of Information and Communications Technology, Department of Computer Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Imad","family":"Al-Shaikhli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kulliyyah of Information and Communications Technology, Department of Computer Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Al-Hagery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computer, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"BIND Research Group, College of Computer, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-201563_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.11591\/eei.v7i1.902","article-title":"On Randomness of Compressed Data Using Non-parametric Randomness Tests","volume":"7","author":"Al-khayyat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-201563_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1166\/jctn.2019.7972"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-201563_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00139-2","article-title":"Improvements to the JPEG-LS prediction scheme","volume":"22","author":"Bedi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Image and Vision Computing"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-201563_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2002.803018","article-title":"Why does histogram packing improve lossless compression rates?","volume":"9","author":"Ferreira","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Processing Letters"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-201563_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DCC.2019.00093"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-201563_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.3390\/info11040196","article-title":"On the Randomness of Compressed Data","volume":"11","author":"Klein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Information"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-201563_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63001","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JEI.24.6.063001","article-title":"Adaptive block-wise alphabet reduction scheme for lossless compression of images with sparse and locally sparse histograms","volume":"24","author":"Masmoudi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Electronic Imaging"},{"issue":"2 and 3","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-201563_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0010","DOI":"10.1093\/comjnl\/40.2_and_3.127","article-title":"Recent developments in context-based predictive techniques for lossless image compression,127\u2013136. ISSN","volume":"40","author":"Memon","year":"1997","journal-title":"The Computer Journal"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-201563_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1109\/83.855427","article-title":"The LOCOI lossless image compression algorithm: Principles and standandization into JPEG-LS","volume":"9","author":"Weinberger","year":"1326","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-201563_ref25","first-page":"5547","article-title":"Improving JPEG-LS Performance Using Location Information","volume":"10","author":"Woo","year":"2016","journal-title":"KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-201563_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1109\/83.568923","article-title":"Lossless compression of continuous-tone images via context selection, quantization, and modeling","volume":"6","author":"Wu","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing"}],"container-title":["Journal of Intelligent &amp; Fuzzy Systems"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/JIFS-201563","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T09:41:49Z","timestamp":1777455709000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.3233\/JIFS-201563"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,21]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/jifs-201563","relation":{},"ISSN":["1064-1246","1875-8967"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1064-1246","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-8967","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,21]]}}}