{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T06:56:39Z","timestamp":1777704999802,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IFS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Changes in plateau body lake water are an important indicator of global ecosystem changes, and a timely and accurate grasp of this change information can provide a scientific reference for the formulation of relevant policies. The traditional fuzzy C-means clustering (FCM) algorithm takes into account the ambiguity of the classification of the ground object pixels but does not consider the rich spectral information of the neighboring pixels and is very sensitive to the background noise\u201d of the remote sensing image, resulting in low water extraction accuracy. Aiming to compensate for the shortcomings of the traditional FCM algorithm, this paper proposes an improved FCM algorithm. This algorithm replaces the Euclidean distance of the traditional FCM algorithm with a combination of the Mahalanobis distance and spectral angle matching (SAM) to fully take into account the spectral information of neighboring pixels and improve the clustering accuracy. The study selected Sentinel-2 images of the Fuxian Lake and Xingyun Lake basins during normal, wet, and dry periods as the data source. Under the same conditions, the clustering accuracy was compared with the traditional FCM algorithm, improved FCM algorithm, K-means clustering method and iterative self-organizing data analysis (ISODATA) clustering method. The experimental results show that the improved FCM algorithm has a higher water extraction accuracy than the traditional FCM algorithm, K-means clustering method and ISODATA clustering method. The kappa coefficient and overall accuracy (OA) of the improved FCM algorithm can be increased by 5.56%\u20139.45% and 2.66%\u20135.32%, respectively, and the omission error and commission error can be reduced by 1.72%\u20134.55% and 12.14%\u201322.10%, respectively. When the improved FCM algorithm is used, the extraction accuracy is higher for plateau deep lakes than for plateau shallow lakes, and the extraction effect for lakes with poor water environments is more significant than that of other methods. The improved FCM algorithm better maintains the integrity of the water boundary and overcomes the influence of a certain number of mountain shadows and urban building pixels on the clustering results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/jifs-210526","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]],"date-time":"2021-06-15T13:54:49Z","timestamp":1623765289000},"page":"1727-1740","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Extraction of plateau lake water bodies based on an improved FCM algorithm"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Yingxin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geography, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shihua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Geomatics Centre, Kunming, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuangyun","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geography, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shoulu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenxian","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geography, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lidan","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geography, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-210526_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.18307\/2009.0301","article-title":"Progress and prospect of palaeolimnology research in China","volume":"021","author":"Shen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Lake Sciences"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-210526_ref2","first-page":"61","article-title":"Review of Coastline Extraction Methods Based on Remote Sensing Images","volume":"20","author":"Liang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Geo-information Science"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-210526_ref3","first-page":"555","article-title":"Remote sensing monitoring of coastal and beach area changes in Jiangsu Province in recent 20 years","volume":"39","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Jiangsu Agricultural Science"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-210526_ref4","first-page":"171","article-title":"The Theories and Methods of Lake-watershed Land Ecological Management","volume":"25","author":"Cai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Jouranl Of Natural Resources"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-210526_ref5","first-page":"5352","article-title":"The theories and methods of lake-watershed ecosystem management (LWEM)","volume":"27","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Ecologica Sinica"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-210526_ref6","first-page":"221","article-title":"Remote Sensing Monitoring And Temporal-Spatial Analysis Of Surface Water Body Area Changes Of Lakes On The Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau Over The Past 30 Years","volume":"30","author":"Xiao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Lake Sciences"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-210526_ref7","unstructured":"Cao H. , Study on coupling model of watershed Ecology-economy System from the perspective of ecological civilization, Science Press, Bei Jing (2015)."},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-210526_ref8","first-page":"582","article-title":"Research progress on methods of automatic coastline extraction based on remote sensing images","volume":"23","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Remote Sensing"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-210526_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2838","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2016.7729733","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"2016 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS)"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-210526_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McFEETERS and K. 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