{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T07:40:31Z","timestamp":1771573231164,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IFS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Based on the nonlinearity of energy consumption systems and the influence of multiple factors, this paper presents a nonlinear multivariable grey prediction model with parameter optimization and estimates the parameters and the approximate time response function of the model. Next, a genetic algorithm is applied to optimize the nonlinear terms of the novel model to seek the optimal parameters, and the modelling steps are outlined. Then, to assess the effectiveness of the novel model, this paper adopts Chinese oil, gas, coal and clean energy as research objects, and three classical grey forecasting models and one time series method are chosen for comparison. The results indicate that the new model attains a high simulation and prediction accuracy, basically higher than that of the three grey prediction models and the time series method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/jifs-210822","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]],"date-time":"2021-07-30T10:56:26Z","timestamp":1627642586000},"page":"3153-3168","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A new multivariable grey model and its application to energy consumption in China"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Kai","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of International Business and Management, Sichuan International Studies University, Chongqing, China"}]},{"given":"Xilin","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-210822_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2021.106988","article-title":"Stochastic multi-carrier energy management in the smart islands using reinforcement learning and unscented transform","volume":"130","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-210822_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spc.2020.07.009"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-210822_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2020.113731","article-title":"A Time-Series Clustering Methodology for Knowledge Extraction in Energy Consumption Data","volume":"160","author":"Ruiz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-210822_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2020.117058","article-title":"Regression analysis for energy demand projection: An application to TIMES-Basilicata and TIMES-Italy energy models","volume":"196","author":"Di Leo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-210822_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2018.04.187","article-title":"Forecasting crude oil price: Does exist an optimal econometric model?","volume":"155","author":"De Albuquerquemello","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-210822_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2018.03.099","article-title":"Global crude oil price prediction and synchronization based accuracy evaluation using random wavelet neural network","volume":"151","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-210822_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2016.03.012","article-title":"Forecasting energy consumption using ensemble ARIMA\u2013ANFIS hybrid algorithm","volume":"82","author":"Barak","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-210822_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2012.10.035","article-title":"Using multi-output feedforward neural network with empirical mode decomposition based signal filtering for electricity demand forecasting","volume":"49","author":"An","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-210822_ref9","unstructured":"Deng J.L. , Estimate and decision of grey system, Wuhan: Huazhong University of Science and Technology Press, 2002."},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-210822_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.135447","article-title":"A novel conformable fractional non-homogeneous grey model for forecasting carbon dioxide emissions of BRICS countries","volume":"707","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science of The Total Environment"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-210822_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2019.123341"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-210822_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.06.023","article-title":"Estimation of electronic waste using optimized multivariate grey models","volume":"95","author":"Dumanc","year":"2019","journal-title":"Waste Management"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-210822_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2020.118085"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-210822_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cam.2017.04.020","article-title":"Application of a novel time-delayed polynomial grey model to predict the natural gas consumption in China","volume":"324","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-210822_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.04.336","article-title":"A novel energy consumption forecasting model combining an optimized DGM (1,1) model with interval grey numbers","volume":"229","author":"Ye","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-210822_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2020.106538"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-210822_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.124113"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-210822_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2020.07.023","article-title":"Fractional grey model based on non-singular exponential kernel and its application in the prediction of electronic waste precious metal content","volume":"107","author":"Mao","year":"2020","journal-title":"ISA Transactions"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-210822_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3846\/tede.2020.13742"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-210822_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apm.2020.01.014","article-title":"A new structure grey Verhulst model: development and performance comparison","volume":"81","author":"Zeng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Applied Mathematical Modelling"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-210822_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2021.120716","article-title":"A Multivariate Grey Prediction Model Based on Energy Logistic Equation and Its Application in Energy Prediction in China","volume":"229","author":"Duan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-210822_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2020.106145"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-210822_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2021.03.024"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-210822_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chaos.2020.110429","article-title":"Application of a novel fractional grey prediction model with time power term to predict the electricity consumption of India and China","volume":"141","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chaos, Solitons and Fractals"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-210822_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218348X21500389"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-210822_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1080\/13873954.2020.1859547","article-title":"Forecasting the primary energy consumption using a time delay grey model with fractional order accumulation","volume":"27","author":"Zeng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mathematical and Computer Modelling of Dynamical Systems"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-210822_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2021.03.004","article-title":"Co-production of electricity and hydrogen from wind: a comprehensive scenario-based techno-economic analysis","volume":"46","author":"Rezaei","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-210822_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.13956\/j.ss.1001-8409.2019.05.03","article-title":"Industrial structure adjustment and energy consumption structure optimization","volume":"33","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soft Science"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-210822_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.122768","article-title":"Towards distributed based energy transaction in a clean smart island","volume":"273","author":"Gong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-210822_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2020.106475"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-210822_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1108\/GS-01-2018-0005","article-title":"Comparison study on the nonlinear parameter optimization of nonlinear grey Bernoulli model (NGBM (1,1)) between intelligent optimizers","volume":"82","author":"Kong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Grey Systems: Theory and Application"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-210822_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chaos.2020.109915","article-title":"Fractional Hausdorff grey model and its properties","volume":"138","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chaos, Solitons and Fractals"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-210822_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apm.2016.01.012","article-title":"An improved grey multivariable model for predicting industrial energy consumption in China","volume":"40","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Applied Mathematical Modelling"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-210822_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2018.02.042","article-title":"Improved multi-variable grey forecasting model with a dynamic background-value coefficient and its application","volume":"118","author":"Zeng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Computers & Industrial Engineering"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-210822_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2018.05.147","article-title":"Using a novel multi-variable grey model to forecast the electricity consumption of Shandong Province in China","volume":"157","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-210822_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/16\/6\/013","article-title":"The indirect measurement of tensile strength of material by the grey prediction model GMC(1,n)","volume":"16","author":"Tien","year":"2005","journal-title":"Measurement Science & Technology"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-210822_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.120929"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-210822_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0792-66","article-title":"Genetic Algorithms","volume":"267","author":"Holland","year":"1992","journal-title":"Scientific American"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-210822_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu S.F. and Lin Y. , Grey Systems: theory and applications, Springer-Verlag, 2011.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-16158-2_1"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-210822_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2016.10.009","article-title":"A novel multi-variable grey forecasting model and its application in forecasting the amount of motor vehicles in Beijing","volume":"101","author":"Zeng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Computers & Industrial Engineering"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-210822_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apm.2019.05.044","article-title":"A new multivariable grey prediction model with structure compatibility","volume":"75","author":"Zeng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Applied Mathematical Modelling"}],"container-title":["Journal of Intelligent &amp; Fuzzy Systems"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/JIFS-210822","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T15:23:25Z","timestamp":1769786605000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.3233\/JIFS-210822"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/jifs-210822","relation":{},"ISSN":["1064-1246","1875-8967"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1064-1246","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-8967","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]]}}}