{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T06:58:33Z","timestamp":1777705113183,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IFS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Wireless Capsule Endoscopy (WCE) allows direct visual inspecting of the full digestive system of the patient without invasion and pain, at the price of a long examination by physicians of a large number of photographs. This research presents a new approach to color extraction to differentiate bleeding frames from normal ones and locate more bleeding areas. We have a dual-system suggestion. We use entire color information on the WCE pictures and the pixel-represented clustering approach to get the clustered centers that characterize WCE pictures as words. Then we evaluate the status of a WCE framework using the nearby SVM and K methods (KNN). The classification performance is 95.75% accurate for the AUC 0.9771% and validates the exciting performance for bleeding classification provided by the suggested approach. Second, we present a two-step approach for extracting saliency maps to emphasize bleeding locations with a distinct color channel mixer to build a first-stage salience map. The second stage salience map was taken with optical contrast.We locate bleeding spots following a suitable fusion approach and threshold. Quantitative and qualitative studies demonstrate that our approaches can correctly distinguish bleeding sites from neighborhoods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/jifs-213099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,2]],"date-time":"2022-09-02T11:24:59Z","timestamp":1662117899000},"page":"353-364","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Machine learning techniques to detect bleeding frame and area in wireless capsule endoscopy video"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Ashok","family":"Vajravelu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.S. Tamil","family":"Selvan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Mahadi Bin Abdul","family":"Jamil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anitha","family":"Jude","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of ECE, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isabel de la Torre","family":"Diez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Signal Theory and Communications and Telematics Engineering, University of Valladolid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-213099_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1089\/109350702760301411","article-title":"Economic and health outcomes of capsule endoscopy: opportunities for improved management of the diagnostic process for obscure gastrointestinal bleeding","volume":"5","author":"Goldfarb","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dis Manage"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-213099_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3726","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i24.3726","article-title":"Small-bowel capsule endoscopy: a ten-Point contemporary review","volume":"19","author":"Koulaouzidis","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"31","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-213099_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4169","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v18.i31.4169","article-title":"Sensitivity of the Suspected Blood Indicator: An Experimental Study","volume":"18","author":"S.C. Park, C., HJ, K., ES, K., B, S., YS, K., YS, J., YT, L., HS, U., SH, K. CD and R.","year":"2012","journal-title":"World Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-213099_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-009-9424-0","article-title":"Bleeding detection in wireless capsule endoscopy based on probabilistic neural network","volume":"35","author":"Pan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Med Syst"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-213099_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan G. , Yan G. , Song X. and Qiu X. , BP neural network classification for bleeding detection in wireless capsule endoscopy, J Med Eng Technol 33(7) (2009).","DOI":"10.1080\/03091900903111974"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-213099_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2008.2010526","article-title":"Computer-aided detection of bleeding regions for capsule endoscopy images","volume":"56","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-213099_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2012.09.004","article-title":"Texture and color-based image segmentation and pathology detection in capsule endoscopy videos","volume":"113","author":"Szczypi\u0144ski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput Methods Programs Biomed"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-213099_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan Y. , Li B. and Meng Q. , Bleeding frame and region detection in the wireless capsule endoscopy video, Biomed Health Inf IEEE J 99 (2015).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2015.7139360"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-213099_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sainju S. , Bui F.M. and Wahid K.A. , Automated bleeding detection in capsule endoscopy videos using statistical features and region growing, J Med Syst 25(38) (2014).","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-014-0025-1"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-213099_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2011.2172438","article-title":"Assessment of crohn\u2019s disease lesions in wireless capsule endoscopy images","volume":"59","author":"Kumar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomed Eng IEEE Trans"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-213099_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-7-91","article-title":"Bias in error estimation when using cross-validation for model selection","volume":"7","author":"Varma","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Bioinf"},{"issue":"6785","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-213099_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1038\/35013140","article-title":"Wireless capsule endoscopy","volume":"405","author":"Iddan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-213099_ref23","first-page":"14","article-title":"Wireless capsule endoscopy","volume":"39","author":"Adler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hospital Physician"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-213099_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2008.2010526","article-title":"Computer-aided detection of bleeding regions for capsule endoscopy images","volume":"56","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-213099_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2007.12.029","article-title":"Performance characteristics of the suspected blood indicator featurein capsule endoscopy according to indication for study","volume":"6","author":"Buscaglia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology"},{"issue":"31","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-213099_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4169","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v18.i31.4169","article-title":"Sensitivity of the suspected blood indicator: an experimental study","volume":"18","author":"Park","year":"2012","journal-title":"World Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-213099_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-014-0025-1","article-title":"Automated bleeding detection in capsule endoscopy videos using statistical features and region growing","volume":"38","author":"Sainju","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Systems"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-213099_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2012.09.004","article-title":"Texture and color-based image segmentation and pathology detection in capsule endoscopy videos","volume":"113","author":"Szczypinski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-213099_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2015.2399502","article-title":"Bleeding frame and region detection in the wireless capsule endoscopy video","volume":"20","author":"Yuan","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J Biomed Health Inf"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-213099_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2196","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2018.2837002","article-title":"Detecting and locating gastrointestinal anomalies using deep learning and iterative cluster unification","volume":"37","author":"Iakovidis","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Med Imag"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-213099_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159017","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3019888","article-title":"A study on wireless capsule endoscopy for small intestinal lesions detection based on deep learning target detection","volume":"8","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-213099_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132850","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3010448","article-title":"Computer-aided gastrointestinal diseases analysis from wireless capsule endoscopy: a framework of best features selection","volume":"8","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"}],"container-title":["Journal of Intelligent &amp; Fuzzy Systems"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/JIFS-213099","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T09:42:56Z","timestamp":1777455776000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.3233\/JIFS-213099"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/jifs-213099","relation":{},"ISSN":["1064-1246","1875-8967"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1064-1246","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-8967","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]]}}}