{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T06:48:25Z","timestamp":1777704505606,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IFS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Knowledge and learning assessment is a popular topic. In existing models for constructing the knowledge structure of an individual, it is often considered whether an individual has mastered the skills to solve the corresponding item. However, the relationship between the number of skills an individual has mastered and the item is ignored. It is not reasonable to explain the phenomenon that individuals solve the same item but have different knowledge structures behind it. This paper introduces the concept of skill inclusion degree and constructs the variable precision \u03b1-models to delineate knowledge structures. The skill inclusion degree takes into account an individual\u2019s mastery of the number of skills assigned to each item. Firstly, the concept of the skill inclusion degree is given, and some of its properties are discussed. Then, the variable precision \u03b1-model is constructed. Moreover, the relationship between knowledge structures delineated via the variable precision \u03b1-models by a skill map is studied, and the algorithm of knowledge structures delineated via these models by a skill map is designed. Finally, the experimental results on a real dataset demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/jifs-222149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]],"date-time":"2023-07-28T12:10:14Z","timestamp":1690546214000},"page":"5765-5781","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The inclusion degrees of skill maps and knowledge structures"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Taoli","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematics and Statistics, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinjin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematics and Statistics, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Granular Computing and Application in Fujian, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhaowen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Complex System Optimization and Big Data Processing in Department of Guangxi Education, Yulin Normal University, Yulin, P. 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