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Stage one is that the rainwater drops search for petioles in the local search space of a particular leaf, and stage two involves that the rainwater drops after reaching the petioles search for trunk to funnel back to the root along with nutrients. The performance of PTO in searching for global optima is tested on 33 Standard Benchmark Functions (SBF), 29 constrained optimization problems from IEEE-CEC2017 and real-world optimization problems from IEEE-CEC2011 competition especially for testing the evolutionary algorithms. Mathematical benchmark functions are classified into six groups as unimodal, multimodal, plate &amp; valley-shaped, steep ridges, hybrid functions and composition functions which are used to check the exploration and exploitation capabilities of the algorithm. The experimental results prove the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm with better search ability over different classes of benchmark functions and real-world applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/jifs-222413","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,9]],"date-time":"2023-05-09T15:37:48Z","timestamp":1683646668000},"page":"1357-1385","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The palm tree optimization: Algorithm and applications"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0985-2034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K.","family":"Padmanaban","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Alagappa Chettiar Government College of Engineering and Technology, Karaikudi, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9322-3654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Shunmugalatha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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