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A Markov chain is used to model the problem, and a linear mathematical model is presented. This work employs a hybrid large-neighborhood search approach. Numerous computational experiments are conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed solution method, and the results demonstrate its efficacy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/jifs-224307","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,7]],"date-time":"2023-04-07T11:40:32Z","timestamp":1680867632000},"page":"10197-10211","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A hybrid large-neighborhood search for a truck and drone delivery system with stochastic customer existence and time windows"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Ebrahim","family":"Teimoury","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran, Iran"}]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Rashid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran, 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