{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T07:13:20Z","timestamp":1777706000172,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IFS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In today\u2019s digital age, log files are crucial. However, the conversion of text log files into images has only recently been developed. The security of log files is a major source of concern, and the security of the systems in which the logs are stored determines the safety of the log file in process mining. This calls for the first conversion of a text log file into an image file. Thus, this research aims to convert the log files into images in a mugshot database and detect illegal activity and criminals from the converted images employing a novel Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). The developed model has three stages: pre-processing, feature extraction, and detection and matching. The pre-processing was performed by min-max normalization, and in feature extraction, the deep learning method was used. Moreover, in the detection phase, CNN is employed for detecting illegal activities, and the matching process is performed for detecting illegal activities from converted images and criminals in the mugshot database. The model\u2019s performance is evaluated in terms of precision, F1-score, recall, and accuracy values of 99.6%, 98.5%, 98.7%, and 99.8%, respectively. A further comparison has been performed to show the effectiveness of the suggested model over other methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/jifs-224486","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]],"date-time":"2023-05-05T12:16:21Z","timestamp":1683288981000},"page":"1-12","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Privacy in process mining: Logs conversion to images using machine learning algorithm"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"George K.","family":"Agordzo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mathematics and Big Data, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xianwen","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mathematics and Big Data, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mathematics and Big Data, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-224486_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.15598\/aeee.v15i4.2389","article-title":"A new method for face recognition using convolutional neural network","volume":"15","author":"Kamencay","year":"2017","journal-title":"AEEE"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-224486_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.1673","article-title":"An examination of criminal face bias in a random sample of police lineups","volume":"25","author":"Flowe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Cognit. Psychol."},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-224486_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIAFS.2018.8913367","article-title":"CIS: An Automated Criminal Identification System, in, Colombo, Sri Lanka","author":"Rasanayagam","year":"2018","journal-title":"2018 IEEE International Conference on Information and Automation for Sustainability (ICIAfS)"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-224486_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96899","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2995887","article-title":"Dynamic Analysis for IoT Malware Detection With Convolution Neural Network Model","volume":"8","author":"Jeon","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-224486_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCES48766.2020.9137927","article-title":"Face Recognition from Video using Deep Learning, in, Coimbatore, India","author":"Manna","year":"2020","journal-title":"2020 5th International Conference on Communication and Electronics Systems (ICCES)"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-224486_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/ICICoS48119.2019.8982383","article-title":"Face Recognition Using Faster R-CNN with Inception-V2 Architecture for CCTV Camera, in, Semarang, Indonesia","author":"Halawa","year":"2019","journal-title":"2019 3rd International Conference on Informatics and Computational Sciences (ICICoS)"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-224486_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.3991\/ijim.v15i10.20175","article-title":"Face Recognition Using the Convolutional Neural Network for Barrier Gate System","volume":"15","author":"Prasetyo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Interact. Mob. Technol."},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-224486_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2019.10.019","article-title":"Fingerprint classification and identification algorithms for criminal investigation: A survey","volume":"110","author":"Win","year":"2020","journal-title":"Future Generation Computer Systems"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-224486_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.47750\/pnr.2022.13.S03.023"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-224486_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17051612","article-title":"Privacy-Preserving Process Mining in Healthcare","volume":"17","author":"Pika","year":"2020","journal-title":"IJERPH"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-224486_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"012033","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1921\/1\/012033","article-title":"Read Textual features in Images and convert to Editable form by extended use of Artificial Neural Networks, Deep learning and Maximally Stable Extremal Region techniques","volume":"1921","author":"Gladwin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Phys.: Conf. Ser."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-224486_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5120\/2284-2960","article-title":"Self alteration detectable image log file for web forensics","volume":"18","author":"Kumar","year":"2011","journal-title":"IJCA"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-224486_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elerap.2022.101135","article-title":"The hidden conversion funnel of mobile vs. desktop consumers","volume":"53","author":"Goldstein","year":"2022","journal-title":"Electronic Commerce Research and Applications"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-224486_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1177\/0162243919899467","article-title":"The trouble with race in forensicidentification","volume":"45","author":"M\u2019charek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science, Technology, & Human Values"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-224486_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00042","article-title":"Transferable, Controllable, and Inconspicuous Adversarial Attacks on Person Re-identification With Deep Mis-Ranking","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"2020 IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-224486_ref16","first-page":"13","article-title":"An efficient preprocessing methodology of log file for Web usage mining","author":"Deepa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Comput Appl"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-224486_ref17","first-page":"123","article-title":"Web server logs preprocessing for web intrusion detection","volume":"4","author":"Salama","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-224486_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-03192-3_27","volume-title":"Future Data and Security Engineering","author":"Nguyen","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-224486_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/ARXIV.2107.02423"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-224486_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-92273-3_34","volume-title":"Neural Information Processing","author":"Das","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-224486_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCNT45670.2019.8944863","article-title":"Hybrid CAE-VAE for Unsupervised Anomaly Detection in Log File Systems","author":"Wadekar","year":"2019","journal-title":"2019 10th International Conference on Computing, Communication and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT)"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-224486_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCC.2012.2217325","article-title":"Analyzing Log Files for Postmortem Intrusion Detection","volume":"42","author":"Garcia","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst., Man, Cybern. C"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-224486_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1109\/IS48319.2020.9199976","article-title":"Log Files Analysis For Network Intrusion Detection, in, Varna, Bulgaria","author":"Brandao","year":"2020","journal-title":"2020 IEEE 10th International Conference on Intelligent Systems (IS)"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-224486_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-55180-3_39","volume-title":"Intelligent Systems and Applications","author":"Schiliro","year":"2021"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-224486_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s13042-017-0699-z","article-title":"A rough set based reasoningapproach for criminal identification","volume":"10","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mach. Learn. & Cyber."},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-224486_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1109\/ICACCI.2017.8126046","article-title":"A novel approach for matching composite sketches to mugshot photos using the fusion of SIFT and SURF feature descriptor","author":"Kokila","year":"2017","journal-title":"2017 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics (ICACCI)"},{"issue":"3 Special Issue","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-224486_ref27","first-page":"682","article-title":"Survey on pre-processing web log files in web usage mining","volume":"29","author":"Roy","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-224486_ref28","unstructured":"Ibrahiem A.H.A. and Fadlallah H. , Predicting the next web page using hyper model, Master\u2019s Thesis, University of Science & Technology, 2018."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-224486_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2016.2642839","article-title":"Automated Melanoma Recognition in Dermoscopy Images via Very Deep Residual Networks","volume":"36","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-224486_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1109\/Confluence51648.2021.9377205","article-title":"Face Detection andRecognition for Criminal Identification System","author":"Ratnaparkhi","year":"2021","journal-title":"2021 11thInternational Conference on Cloud Computing, Data Science &Engineering (Confluence)"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-224486_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1177\/0020294020932344","article-title":"Facial recognition system using LBPH face recognizer for anti-theft and surveillance application based on drone technology","volume":"53","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Measurement and Control"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-224486_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCES48766.2020.9137927","author":"Manna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Face Recognition from Video using Deep Learning"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-224486_ref33","first-page":"012006","article-title":"Face recognition and identification using deep learning approach","volume":"1755","author":"Teoh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Physics: Conference Series"}],"container-title":["Journal of Intelligent &amp; Fuzzy Systems"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/JIFS-224486","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T09:45:47Z","timestamp":1777455947000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.3233\/JIFS-224486"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,2]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/jifs-224486","relation":{},"ISSN":["1064-1246","1875-8967"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1064-1246","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-8967","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,2]]}}}