{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T06:54:38Z","timestamp":1777704878433,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IFS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) utilizes short DNA repeat polymorphism in genomes, which is termed variable number tandem repeat (VNTR), to differentiate closely related organisms. One research challenge is to find an optimal set of VNTR to distinguish different members accurately. An intuitive method is to use an exhaustive search method. However, this method is not an efficient way to find optimal solutions from a dataset comprising many attributes (loci) due to the curse of dimensionality. In this study, metaheuristic methods are proposed to find an optimal set of loci combination. Basic genetic algorithm (BGA) and modified genetic algorithm (MGA) were proposed in our previous work for this purpose. However, they require prior knowledge from an experienced user to specify the minimum number of loci for achieving good results. To impose no such expertise requirement for parameter setting, a GA with Duplicates (GAD), which allows the inclusion of duplicated loci in a chromosome (potential solution) during the search process, is developed. The study also investigates the search performance of a hybrid metaheuristic method, namely quantum-inspired differential evolution (QDE). Hunter-Gaston Discriminatory Index (HGDI) is used to indicate the discriminatory power of a loci combination. Two Mycobacterium tuberculosis MLVA datasets obtained from a public portal and a local laboratory respectively, are used. The results obtained by using exhaustive search and metaheuristic methods are first compared, followed by a performance comparison among BGA, MGA, GAD, and QDE by a statistical approach. The best-performing GA method (i.e., GAD) and QDE are selected for a performance comparison with several recent metaheuristic methods using both MLVA datasets by a statistical approach. The statistical results show that both GAD and QDE could achieve higher HGDI than the recent methods using a small but informative set of loci combination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/jifs-231367","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]],"date-time":"2023-10-31T13:06:50Z","timestamp":1698757610000},"page":"12123-12142","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optimization of MLVA loci combination using metaheuristic methods"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Grace Yee Lin","family":"Ng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Multimedia University, Jalan Ayer Keroh Lama, Bukit Beruang, Melaka, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kim Loon","family":"Ang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Multimedia University, Jalan Ayer Keroh Lama, Bukit Beruang, Melaka, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shing Chiang","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Multimedia University, Jalan Ayer Keroh Lama, Bukit Beruang, Melaka, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chia Sui","family":"Ong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Multimedia University, Jalan Ayer Keroh Lama, Bukit Beruang, Melaka, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yun Fong","family":"Ngeow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. Wu Lien-Teh Centre for Research in Communicable Diseases, M. Kandiah Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Sungai Long, Bandar Sungai Long, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-231367_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cma.2020.113609","article-title":"Elaziz and A.H. Gandomi, The Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm","volume":"376","author":"Abualigah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-231367_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7628","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-014-3740-8","article-title":"Environmental surveillance and molecular epidemiology of waterborne pathogen Legionella pneumophila in health-care facilities of Northeastern Greece: a 4-year survey","volume":"22","author":"Alexandropoulou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research International"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-231367_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ambroise J. , Irenge L.M. , Durant J.-F. , Bearzatto B. , Bwire G. , Stine O.C. and Gala J.-L. , Backward compatibility of whole genome sequencing data with MLVA typing using a new MLVAtype shiny application for Vibrio cholerae, PLoS ONE 14(12).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0225848"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-231367_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1109\/ISTMET.2015.7359009","article-title":"Finding an optimal loci combination of variable number tandem repeats using genetic algorithms, in","author":"Ang","year":"2015","journal-title":"2015 International Symposium on Technology Management and Emerging Technologies (ISTMET)"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-231367_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2865","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-146-11-2865","article-title":"Allele-specific PCR shows that genetic exchange occurs among genetically diverse Nodularia (cyanobacteria) filaments in the Baltic Sea","volume":"146","author":"Barker","year":"2000","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-231367_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/27.2.573","article-title":"Tandem repeats finder: a program to analyze DNA sequences","volume":"27","author":"Benson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Research"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-231367_ref9","first-page":"1","article-title":"DNA microarrays: Types, Applications and their future,Unit-22","volume":"0","author":"Bumgarner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Current protocols in molecular biology"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-231367_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(01)00437-8","article-title":"Detecting and genotyping Escherichia coli O157:H7 using multiplexed PCR and nucleic acid microarrays","volume":"67","author":"Call","year":"2001","journal-title":"International Journal of Food Microbiology"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-231367_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiolchem.2015.06.006","article-title":"MOEPGA: A novel method to detect protein complexes in yeast proteinprotein interaction networks based on MultiObjective Evolutionary Programming Genetic Algorithm","volume":"58","author":"Cao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Computational Biology and Chemistry"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-231367_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77807","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2884189","article-title":"Evolutionary Computation-Based Memetic Algorithm Against Genetic Algorithm to Improve PCR-RFLP Assay Primers of SNP Genotyping","volume":"6","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-231367_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-018-2168-4","article-title":"REHUNT: a reliable and open source package for restriction enzyme hunting","volume":"19","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-231367_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.5187\/jast.2022.e64","article-title":"Single nucleotide polymorphism marker combinations for classifying Yeonsan Ogye chicken using a machine learning approach","volume":"64","author":"Cho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Animal Science and Technology"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-231367_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2005.07.001","article-title":"Computational intelligence in solving bioinformatics problems","volume":"35","author":"Cios","year":"2005","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence in Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-231367_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btaa724","article-title":"minMLST: machine learning for optimization of bacterial strain typing","volume":"37","author":"Cohen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-231367_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkm384","article-title":"REPK: An analytical web server to select restriction endonucleases for terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis,W","volume":"35","author":"Collins","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nucleic acids research"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-231367_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.5.1592-1602.2002","article-title":"Variable-number tandem repeat typing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates with low copy numbers of ISby using mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units","volume":"40","author":"Cowan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-231367_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3290","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00828-14","article-title":"Highly discriminatory variable number tandem-repeat markers for genotyping of Trichophyton interdigitale strains","volume":"52","author":"Drira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-231367_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/3001478","article-title":"Multiple range and multiple F tests","volume":"11","author":"Duncan","year":"1955","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"293","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-231367_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1961.10482090","article-title":"Multiple Comparisons Among Means","volume":"56","author":"Dunn","year":"1961","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-231367_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19668","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0019668","article-title":"Multiple-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis for Streptococcus pneumoniae: comparison with PFGE and MLST,e","volume":"6","author":"Elberse","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-231367_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4308","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab224","article-title":"Genome-wide characterization of human minisatellite VNTRs: population-specific alleles and gene expression differences","volume":"49","author":"Eslami Rasekh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Research"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-231367_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4141","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01095-13","article-title":"Comparison of Multilocus Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat Analysis and Whole-Genome Sequencing for Investigation of Clostridium difficile Transmission","volume":"51","author":"Eyre","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-231367_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2019.105190","article-title":"Equilibrium optimizer: A novel optimization algorithm","volume":"191","author":"Faramarzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Knowledge-Based Systems"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-231367_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2022.112503","article-title":"Binary equilibrium optimizer: Theory and application in building optimal control problems","volume":"277","author":"Faramarzi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy and Buildings"},{"issue":"5223","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-231367_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7542800","article-title":"Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd","volume":"269","author":"Fleischmann","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-231367_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2012.08.005","article-title":"Discovery and statistical genotyping of copy-number variation from whole-exome sequencing depth","volume":"91","author":"Fromer","year":"2012","journal-title":"American Journal of Human Genetics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-231367_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2018.8","article-title":"Ecology and evolution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"16","author":"Gagneux","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Microbiology"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-231367_ref32","unstructured":"Gandhi S. , Khan D. and Solanki V.S. , A comparative analysis of selection scheme, 2(4) (2012), 4."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-231367_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics9040196","article-title":"Identification of Pneumococcal Serotypes by PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism","volume":"9","author":"Garcia-Suarez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-231367_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01611-14","article-title":"Highthroughput mycobacterial interspersed repetitive-unit-variablenumber tandem-repeat genotyping for Mycobacterium tuberculosis epidemiological studies","volume":"53","author":"Gauthier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-231367_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-0548(86)90048-1","article-title":"Future paths for integer programming and links to artificial intelligence","volume":"13","author":"Glover","year":"1986","journal-title":"Computers & Operations Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-231367_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e03095","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03095-16","article-title":"New multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA) scheme for fine-scale monitoring and microevolutionrelated study of Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum phylotype i populations","volume":"83","author":"Guinard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-231367_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1109\/TEVC.2002.804320","article-title":"Quantum-inspired evolutionary algorithm for a class of combinatorial optimization","volume":"6","author":"Han","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-231367_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiolchem.2013.04.007","article-title":"Computational intelligence techniques in bioinformatics","volume":"47","author":"Hassanien","year":"2013","journal-title":"Computational Biology and Chemistry"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-231367_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2019.02.028","article-title":"Harris hawks optimization: Algorithm and applications","volume":"97","author":"Heidari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Future Generation Computer Systems"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-231367_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0792-66","article-title":"Genetic Algorithms","volume":"267","author":"Holland","year":"1992","journal-title":"Scientific American"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-231367_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2465","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.26.11.2465-2466.1988","article-title":"Numerical index of the discriminatory ability of typing systems: an application of Simpson\u2019s index of diversity","volume":"26","author":"Hunter","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-231367_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2016.12.005","article-title":"Machine learning and data mining methods in diabetes research","volume":"15","author":"Kavakiotis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal"},{"issue":"260","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-231367_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1952.10483441","article-title":"Use of Ranks in One-Criterion Variance Analysis","volume":"47","author":"Kruskal","year":"1952","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-231367_ref45","first-page":"4","article-title":"The curse of dimensionality, in","author":"Koppen","year":"2000","journal-title":"5th Online world conference on soft computing in industrial applications (WSC5)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-231367_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-6-9","article-title":"Evaluation and selection of tandem repeat loci for a Brucella MLVA typing assay","volume":"6","author":"Le Fleche","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Microbiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-231367_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1089\/cmb.2018.0239","article-title":"Toward an Alignment-Free Method for Feature Extraction and Accurate Classification of Viral Sequences","volume":"26","author":"Lebatteux","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Computational Biology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-231367_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02465-5","article-title":"A machine learning approach to integrate big data for precision medicine in acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-231367_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.4236\/ojop.2015.42004","article-title":"Quantum inspired differential evolution algorithm","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Open Journal of Optimization"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-231367_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2014.01.006","article-title":"Robust gene signatures from microarray data using genetic algorithms enriched with biological pathway keywords","volume":"49","author":"Luque-Baena","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Biomedical Informatics"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-231367_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-64371-7_3","article-title":"The evolution of strain typing in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex","volume":"1019","author":"Merker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-231367_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2962155","article-title":"A review of quantum-inspired metaheuristics: going from classical computers to real quantum computers","volume":"8","author":"Montiel Ross","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-231367_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0215090","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0215090","article-title":"A new multi locus variable number of tandem repeat analysis scheme for epidemiological surveillance of Xanthomonas vasicola pv. musacearum, the plant pathogen causing bacterial wilt on banana and enset","volume":"14","author":"Nakato","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-231367_ref54","first-page":"29","article-title":"Optimizing multiple sequence alignments using a genetic algorithm based on three objectives: Structural information, non-gaps percentage and totally conserved columns","author":"Ortuno Guzman","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-231367_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-14-148","article-title":"Software for selecting the most informative sets of genomic loci for multitarget microbial typing","volume":"14","author":"O\u2019Sullivan","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-231367_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2012-02695","article-title":"Evaluation of whole-genome sequencing as a genotyping tool for Campylobacter jejuni in comparison with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and flaA typing","volume":"92","author":"Pendleton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Poultry Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-231367_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.5.2291-2302.2005","article-title":"Microarray-based detection of 90 antibiotic resistance genes of gram-positive bacteria","volume":"43","author":"Perreten","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-231367_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0286839","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0286839","article-title":"Bioinformatics approach for developing a minimum set of SNP markers for identification of temperate japonica rice varieties cultivated in Spain","volume":"18","author":"Sales","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-231367_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.12901","article-title":"Serological and genetic characterization of Flavobacterium psychrophilum isolated from farmed salmonids in Turkey","volume":"41","author":"Saticioglu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Fish Diseases"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-231367_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5082","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005082","article-title":"Multiple-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis of Staphylococcus aureus: comparison with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and spa-typing","volume":"4","author":"Schouls","year":"2009","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-231367_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8010005","article-title":"Tracking of Intentionally Inoculated Lactic Acid Bacteria Strains in Yogurt and Probiotic Powder","volume":"8","author":"Sharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-231367_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Srikrishna V. , Ghosh R. , Ravi V. and Deb K. , Elitist quantuminspired differential evolution based wrapper for feature subset selection, (2015), 113\u2013124.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-26181-2_11"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-231367_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008202821328","article-title":"Differential evolution - a simple and efficient heuristic for global optimization over continuous spaces","volume":"11","author":"Storn","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Global Optimization"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-231367_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNC.2008.607","article-title":"Quantum-inspired differential evolution for binary optimization","volume":"1","author":"Su","year":"2008","journal-title":"in 2008 Fourth International Conference on Natural Computation"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-231367_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.08.052","article-title":"Precision tuberculosis control by genome sequencing: Benefit and challenges of a new standard","volume":"36","author":"Supply","year":"2018","journal-title":"EbioMedicine"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-231367_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4498","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01392-06","article-title":"Proposal for standardization of optimized mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit-variable-number tandem repeat typing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"44","author":"Supply","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-231367_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1109\/CIBCB.2013.6595399","article-title":"GAknot: RNA secondary structures prediction with pseudoknots using genetic algorithm","author":"Tong","year":"2013","journal-title":"in 2013 IEEE Symposium on Computational Intelligence in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (CIBCB)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-231367_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-018-1261-1","article-title":"The influence of host genotype and salt stress on the seed endophytic community of salt-sensitive and salt-tolerant rice cultivars","volume":"18","author":"Walitang","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Plant Biology"},{"issue":"Pt 5","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-231367_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.040287-0","article-title":"Selection of optimal combinations of loci by the Optimal Combination Finder computer program from a group of variable number tandem repeat loci for use in Staphylococcus aureus food poisoning case investigations","volume":"61","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Microbiology"},{"issue":"suppl_2","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-231367_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W326","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkq351","article-title":"MIRU-VNTRplus: a web tool for polyphasic genotyping of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex bacteria","volume":"38","author":"Weniger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-231367_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-017-2000-6","article-title":"A comparison of genotyping-by-sequencing analysis methods on low-coverage crop datasets shows advantages of a new workflow, GB-eaSy","volume":"18","author":"Wickland","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-231367_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11395","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-023-08274-x","article-title":"Binary arithmetic optimization algorithm for feature selection","volume":"27","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Soft Computing"}],"container-title":["Journal of Intelligent &amp; Fuzzy Systems"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/JIFS-231367","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T09:42:14Z","timestamp":1777455734000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.3233\/JIFS-231367"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,2]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/jifs-231367","relation":{},"ISSN":["1064-1246","1875-8967"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1064-1246","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-8967","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,2]]}}}