{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T12:40:47Z","timestamp":1774528847766,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IFS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>At present, the local appearance-based texture descriptors in Facial Expression Recognition have limited accuracy due to the inability to encode the discriminative edges. The major cause is the presence of distorted and weak edges due to noise. Hence, this paper proposes new Expression Descriptor called as Weighted Edge Local Directional Pattern (WELDP) which can discriminate the weak and strong edges. Unlike the conventional local descriptors, WELDP searches for the support of neighbor pixels in the determination of Facial expression attributes such as Edges, Corners, Lines, and Curved Edges. WELDP encodes only Strong edge responses and discards weaker edge responses after extracting them through edge detection masks. This work adapted two masks for edge detection: they are Robinson Compass Mask and Kirsch Compass Mask. Moreover, the WELDP aims at code redundancy and encode each pixel only with seven bits (one sign bit and six directional bits). Then the WELDP image is described by a histogram and then processed through SVM (Support Vector Machine) for expression identification. From the simulation experiments, the proposed WELDP is found as better than several existing methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/jifs-232985","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T11:22:40Z","timestamp":1693567360000},"page":"9681-9696","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["WELDP: Weighed Edge Local Directional Pattern for expression recognition from facial images"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Kummari","family":"Ramyasree","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of ECE, Guru Nanak Institutions Technical Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India"}]},{"given":"Chennupati Sumanth","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of E&ECE, GITAM Deemed to be University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-232985_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1109\/79.911197","article-title":"Emotion recognition in human-computer interaction","volume":"18","author":"Cowie","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Mag"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-232985_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2005.03.006","article-title":"Emotion recognition in human-computer interaction","volume":"18","author":"Fragopanagos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neural Netw."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-232985_ref3","first-page":"1","article-title":"A multimodal facial emotion recognition framework through the fusion of speech with visible and infrared images","volume":"46","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Multimodal Technol. Interact"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-232985_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2018.1700274","article-title":"SPHA: smart personal health advisor based on deep analytics","volume":"56","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-232985_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.6.1172","article-title":"Facial expression recognition in adolescents with mood and anxiety disorders","volume":"160","author":"McClure","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-232985_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930701782153","article-title":"An investigation of basic facial expression recognition in autism spectrum disorders","volume":"22","author":"Wallace","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cogn. Emot."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-232985_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1145\/954339.954342","article-title":"Face recognition: A literature survey","volume":"35","author":"Zhao","year":"2003","journal-title":"ACM Computer Survey"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-232985_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2008.52","article-title":"A survey of affect recognition methods: audio, visual, and spontaneous expressions","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-232985_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/0-387-27257-7_12","article-title":"Facial expression analysis","author":"Tian","year":"2005","journal-title":"Handbook of Face Recognition"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-232985_ref10","first-page":"76","article-title":"Facial Action Unit Detection Using Probabilistic Actively Learned Support Vector Machines on Tracked Facial Point Data","author":"Valstar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. of International Conf. On Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) Workshop, San Diego, CA, USA"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-232985_ref11","first-page":"685","article-title":"A local-global graph approach for facial expression recognition","author":"Kakumanu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. of International Conf. On Tools Artif. Intell., Arlington, VA, USA"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-232985_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2008.08.005","article-title":"Facial expression recognition based on local binary patterns: A comprehensive study","volume":"27","author":"Shan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Image Vis. Comput."},{"issue":"06","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-232985_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456012","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218001414560126","article-title":"Facial expression recognition based on local binary pattern features and support vector machine","volume":"28","author":"Cao","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-232985_ref14","first-page":"445","article-title":"Facial expression recognition using LBP template of facial parts and multilayer neural network)","author":"Kauser","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Conference on I-SMAC (IoT in Social, Mobile, Analytics, and Cloud) (I-SMAC)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-232985_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.5565\/rev\/elcvia.1058","article-title":"Recognition of facial expressions using the local mean binary pattern","volume":"16","author":"Goyani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Electronic Letters on Computer Vision and Image Analysis"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-232985_ref16","first-page":"329","article-title":"Local directional pattern (LDP) for face recognition","author":"Jabid","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. of IEEE International Conf. on Consum. Electron."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-232985_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2009.2035882","article-title":"Local derivative pattern versus local binary pattern: Face recognition with high-order local pattern descriptor","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-232985_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.4218\/etrij.10.1510.0132","article-title":"Robust facial expression recognition based on local directional pattern","volume":"32","author":"Jabid","year":"2010","journal-title":"ETRI Journal"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-232985_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2012.2235848","article-title":"Local directional number pattern for face analysis: Face and expression recognition","volume":"22","author":"Rivera","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-232985_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.22266\/ijies2021.0430.07","article-title":"A salient binary coding scheme for face and expression recognition from facial images","volume":"14","author":"Sammaiah","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Intelligent Engineering and Systems"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-232985_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.22266\/ijies2021.1231.34","article-title":"Gradient-based compact binary coding for facial expression recognition","volume":"14","author":"Lakshmi","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Intelligent Engineering and Systems"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-232985_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2995","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-016-3282-9","article-title":"Facial expression recognition using ELBP based on covariance matrix transform in KLT","volume":"76","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Multimedia Tools and Applications"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-232985_ref23","first-page":"163","article-title":"Local binary patterns based on directional wavelet transform for expression and pose invariant face recognition","volume":"15","author":"Abdul","year":"2017","journal-title":"Applied Computations and Informatics"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-232985_ref24","first-page":"1","article-title":"Face expression recognition using LDN and Dominant Gradient Local Ternary Pattern descriptors","author":"Revina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of King Saud University\u2013Computer and Information Sciences"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-232985_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2010.2042645","article-title":"Enhanced local texture feature sets for face recognition under difficult lighting conditions","volume":"19","author":"Tan","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-232985_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159081","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2949741","article-title":"A face emotion recognition method using convolutional neural network and image edge computing","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-232985_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118435","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2936976","article-title":"Facial expression recognition based on fusion features of center-symmetric local signal magnitude pattern","volume":"7","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-232985_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1109\/AFGR.1998.670949","article-title":"Coding facial expressions with Gabor wavelets","author":"Lyons","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. 3rd IEEE Int. Conf. Autom. Face Gesture Recognit."},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-232985_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120844","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3108029","article-title":"Facial expression recognition using dynamic local ternary patterns with kernel extreme learning machine classifier","volume":"9","author":"Saurav","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-232985_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3390\/computers5020010","article-title":"Face liveness detection using dynamic local ternary pattern (DLTP)","volume":"5","author":"Parveen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Computers"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-232985_ref31","first-page":"583","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Artif. Neural Netw.","author":"Sch\u00f6lkopf","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-232985_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2014.12.003","article-title":"On the kernel extreme learning machine classifier","volume":"54","author":"Iosifidis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit. Lett"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/JIFS-232985_ref33","first-page":"1530","article-title":"Kirsch compass kernel edge detection algorithm for micro calcification clusters in mammograms","volume":"24","author":"Venmathi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Middle East Journal of Scientific Research"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-232985_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Babu C.R. , Reddy E. Sreenivasa and Rao B. Prabhakara , Age Group Classification of Facial Images Using Rank Based Edge Texture Unit (RETU), In: Mandal J., Sataathy S., Kumar Sanyal M., Sarkar P., Mukhopadhyay A. (eds) Information Systems Design and Intelligent Applications. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol 340. Springer, New Delhi, 2015.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-81-322-2247-7_50"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-232985_ref35","unstructured":"Bovik A.C. , Handbook of image and video processing, Academic Press, 2010."},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-232985_ref36","unstructured":"Shapiro L. , Computer vision and image processing, Academic Press, 1992."},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-232985_ref37","first-page":"94","article-title":"The extended Cohn\u2013 Kanade dataset (CK+): A complete dataset for action unit and emotion-specified expression","author":"Lucey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. of IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. Workshops"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-232985_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1109\/AFGR.1998.670949","article-title":"Coding facial expressions with Gabor wavelets","author":"Lyons","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. 3rd IEEE Int. Conf. Automatic Face Gesture Recognition."},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-232985_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saeed Saeeda , Baber Junaid , Bakhtyar Maheen et al., Empirical Evaluation of SVM for Facial Expression Recognition, (IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications 9(11) (2018).","DOI":"10.14569\/IJACSA.2018.091195"},{"key":"10.3233\/JIFS-232985_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sadek Nehal O. , Hikal Noha A. and Zaki Fayez W. , Intelligent real-time facial expression recognition from video sequences based on hybrid feature tracking algorithms, (IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications 8(1) (2017).","DOI":"10.14569\/IJACSA.2017.080139"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1177\/10641246251331509","type":"retraction","label":"Retraction","source":"retraction-watch","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744848000000},"record-id":"64896"},{"DOI":"10.1177\/10641246251331509","type":"retraction","label":"Retraction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744848000000}}],"container-title":["Journal of Intelligent &amp; Fuzzy Systems"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/JIFS-232985","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T07:53:48Z","timestamp":1769673228000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.3233\/JIFS-232985"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,2]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/jifs-232985","relation":{},"ISSN":["1064-1246","1875-8967"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1064-1246","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-8967","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,2]]}}}