{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T10:21:21Z","timestamp":1777890081796,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["MGS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Security and protection of the data is the core objective of every organization, but since cyber-attacks got more advanced than ever before, the data is compromised more often, resulting in financial loss, life loss, or privacy breaches as its consequences. There must be a system that can deal with the increasing number of cyber-attacks in flight operations, which are increasing in numbers and sophistication. Since we know that the traditional intrusion detection system is not capable enough to protect the data and as many human lives are at stake in flight operations, an unfortunate data corruption attack could give rise to a catastrophe. In this paper, we proposed a blockchain-based intrusion detection system for flight operations framework to protect the data\u2019s privacy and avoid data corruption in flight operations. Blockchain not only protects data from corruption but also circumvents the challenges faced by intrusion detection systems which include trust and consensus building between different nodes in a network that can enhance the capability of the intrusion detection system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/mgs-240017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]],"date-time":"2024-08-13T12:57:58Z","timestamp":1723553878000},"page":"161-183","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Blockchain based intrusion detection in agent-driven flight operations"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Awais","family":"Qasim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Bilal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Software Engineering, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adeel","family":"Munawar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Lahore Garrison University, Lahore, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuja Ur","family":"Rehman Baig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Punjab University College of Information Technology, Lahore, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/MGS-240017_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3233\/MGS-230089","article-title":"An effective approach for reducing data redundancy in multi-agent system communication","volume":"20","author":"Qasim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Multiagent and Grid Systems"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/MGS-240017_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10169","DOI":"10.12785\/ijcds\/140190","article-title":"A Multi-Agent System Approach for Emergency Services using QoS-Assured Cloud Computing Architecture in the Metropolitan Transportation System","volume":"14","author":"Munawar","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Computing and Digital Systems"},{"key":"10.3233\/MGS-240017_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2019.01.012","article-title":"Agent-based modelling and analysis of security and efficiency in airport terminals","volume":"100","author":"Janssen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.3233\/MGS-240017_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2018.2854904","article-title":"Blockchain and cryptocurrencies: Model, techniques and applications","volume":"48","author":"Yuan","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics: Systems"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/MGS-240017_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/S1353-4858(20)30021-0","article-title":"Keyloggers: Silent cyber security weapons","volume":"2020","author":"Bhardwaj","year":"2020","journal-title":"Network Security"},{"key":"10.3233\/MGS-240017_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M.S. Asish and R. Aishwarya, Cyber security at a glance, in: 2019 Fifth International Conference on Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics (ICONSTEM), vol. 1, IEEE, 2019, pp. 240\u2013245.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICONSTEM.2019.8918889"},{"key":"10.3233\/MGS-240017_ref7","unstructured":"K.D.P. Singh and J. Loura, Impact of Covid-19 on Operations And Cyber-Vulnerability of Civil Aviation, Amity Journal of Computational Sciences 5(2) (2022)."},{"key":"10.3233\/MGS-240017_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Pradhan, C.K. Nayak and S.K. Pradhan, Intrusion detection system (IDS) and their types, in: Securing the Internet of Things: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools and Applications, IGI Global, 2020, pp. 481\u2013497.","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-5225-9866-4.ch026"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.3233\/MGS-240017_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2008.08.003","article-title":"Anomaly-based network intrusion detection: Techniques, systems and challenges","volume":"28","author":"Garcia-Teodoro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Computers & Security"},{"key":"10.3233\/MGS-240017_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2021.102516","article-title":"Cyber security challenges in aviation communication, navigation and surveillance","volume":"112","author":"Dave","year":"2022","journal-title":"Computers & Security"},{"key":"10.3233\/MGS-240017_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N. Alexopoulos, E. Vasilomanolakis, N.R. Iv\u00e1nk\u00f3 and M. M\u00fchlh\u00e4user, Towards blockchain-based collaborative intrusion detection systems, in: Critical Information Infrastructures Security: 12th International Conference, CRITIS 2017, Lucca, Italy, October 8\u201313, 2017, Revised Selected Papers 12, Springer International Publishing, 2018, pp. 107\u2013118.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-99843-5_10"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.3233\/MGS-240017_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.17485\/ijst\/2015\/v8i16\/55160","article-title":"Executable semantics for the formal specification and verification of E-agents","volume":"8","author":"Qasim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Science and Technology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.3233\/MGS-240017_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2019.2911548","article-title":"A collaborative intrusion detection approach using blockchain for multimicrogrid systems","volume":"49","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics: Systems"},{"key":"10.3233\/MGS-240017_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59848","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3071431","article-title":"A secure trust method for multi-agent system in smart grids using blockchain","volume":"9","author":"Khalid","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.3233\/MGS-240017_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C.J. Fung, O. Baysal, J. Zhang, I. Aib and R. Boutaba, Trust management for host-based collaborative intrusion detection, in: Managing Large-Scale Service Deployment: 19th IFIP\/IEEE International Workshop on Distributed Systems: Operations and Management, DSOM 2008, Samos Island, Greece, September 22\u201326, 2008. Proceedings 19, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008, pp. 109\u2013122.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-87353-2_9"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.3233\/MGS-240017_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.3390\/app9091788","article-title":"Assessing blockchain consensus and security mechanisms against the 51% attack","volume":"9","author":"Sayeed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Applied Sciences"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.3233\/MGS-240017_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1700879","article-title":"Blockchain: A distributed solution to automotive security and privacy","volume":"55","author":"Dorri","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Communications Magazine"},{"key":"10.3233\/MGS-240017_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s10207-020-00488-6","article-title":"Toward a blockchain-based framework for challenge-based collaborative intrusion detection","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Information Security"},{"key":"10.3233\/MGS-240017_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Tug, W. Meng and Y. Wang, CBSigIDS: towards collaborative blockchained signature-based intrusion detection, in: 2018 IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things (iThings) and IEEE Green Computing and Communications (GreenCom) and IEEE Cyber, Physical and Social Computing (CPSCom) and IEEE Smart Data (SmartData), IEEE, 2018, pp. 1228\u20131235.","DOI":"10.1109\/Cybermatics_2018.2018.00217"},{"key":"10.3233\/MGS-240017_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Tanr\u0131verdi and A. Tekerek, Implementation of blockchain based distributed web attack detection application, in: 2019 1st International Informatics and Software Engineering Conference (UBMYK), IEEE, 2019, pp. 1\u20136.","DOI":"10.1109\/UBMYK48245.2019.8965446"},{"key":"10.3233\/MGS-240017_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173481","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3025622","article-title":"BAD: A blockchain anomaly detection solution","volume":"8","author":"Signorini","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/MGS-240017_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1109\/TSIPN.2018.2801622","article-title":"Distributed privacy-preserving collaborative intrusion detection systems for VANETs","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Signal and Information Processing over Networks"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/MGS-240017_ref25","first-page":"49","article-title":"Formal modelling of real-time self-adaptive multi-agent systems","volume":"25","author":"Qasim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Intell. Autom. Soft Comput"},{"key":"10.3233\/MGS-240017_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2021.108217","article-title":"A blockchain-based decentralized machine learning framework for collaborative intrusion detection within UAVs","volume":"196","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Computer Networks"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/MGS-240017_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3316481","article-title":"Security and privacy on blockchain","volume":"52","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/MGS-240017_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4018\/IJISSC.2019040101","article-title":"The paradigms of blockchain technology: Myths, facts & future","volume":"10","author":"Bhadoria","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Information Systems and Social Change (IJISSC)"},{"key":"10.3233\/MGS-240017_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V. Kanth, A. McAbee, M. Tummala and J.C. McEachen, Collaborative Intrusion Detection leveraging Blockchain and Pluggable Authentication Modules, in: HICSS, 2020, pp. 1\u20137.","DOI":"10.24251\/HICSS.2020.822"},{"key":"10.3233\/MGS-240017_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. Laufenberg, L. Li, H. Shahriar and M. Han, An architecture for blockchain-enabled collaborative signature-based intrusion detection system, in: Proceedings of the 20th Annual SIG Conference on Information Technology Education, 2019, 169\u2013169.","DOI":"10.1145\/3349266.3351389"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/MGS-240017_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2046","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-52181-6","article-title":"A collaborative privacy-preserving approach for passenger demand forecasting of autonomous taxis empowered by federated learning in smart cities","volume":"14","author":"Munawar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.3233\/MGS-240017_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.13278","article-title":"AbSRiM: An agent-based security risk management approach for airport operations","volume":"39","author":"Janssen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Risk Analysis"},{"key":"10.3233\/MGS-240017_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W. Fan, Y. Park, S. Kumar, P. Ganta, X. Zhou and S.Y. Chang, Blockchain-enabled collaborative intrusion detection in software defined networks, in: 2020 IEEE 19th International Conference on Trust, Security and Privacy in Computing and Communications (TrustCom), IEEE, 2020, pp. 967\u2013974.","DOI":"10.1109\/TrustCom50675.2020.00129"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.3233\/MGS-240017_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics9071120","article-title":"Intrusion detection system for the Internet of Things based on blockchain and multi-agent systems","volume":"9","author":"Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Electronics"}],"container-title":["Multiagent and Grid Systems"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/MGS-240017","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T05:29:19Z","timestamp":1777613359000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.3233\/MGS-240017"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/mgs-240017","relation":{},"ISSN":["1875-9076","1574-1702"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1875-9076","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1574-1702","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]]}}}