{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T09:51:11Z","timestamp":1777888271652,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["RDA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,1]]},"DOI":"10.3233\/rda-180133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,2]],"date-time":"2018-02-02T11:49:51Z","timestamp":1517572191000},"page":"291-298","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Data science and intelligence"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Charles S.","family":"Tapiero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Finance and Risk Engineering, The NYU Tandon School of Engineering, USA. E-mail:\u00a0Cst262@nyu.edu"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"key":"10.3233\/RDA-180133_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.1125","article-title":"Hypothesis, induction and background knowledge. Data do not speak for themselves","volume":"23","author":"Allen","year":"2001","journal-title":"BioEssays"},{"key":"10.3233\/RDA-180133_ref2","unstructured":"T.G.\u00a0Andersen, R.A.\u00a0Davis, J.P.\u00a0Kreiss and T.\u00a0Mikosch\u00a0(eds), Handbook of Financial Time Series, Springer Verlag, Berlin 2009."},{"key":"10.3233\/RDA-180133_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W.R.\u00a0Ashby, Introduction to Cybernetics, Chapman & Hall, London, 1956.","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.5851"},{"issue":"462","key":"10.3233\/RDA-180133_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1198\/016214503000242","article-title":"From the statistics of data to the statistics of knowledge: Symbolic data analysis","volume":"98","author":"Billard","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/RDA-180133_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.shpsc.2011.10.007","article-title":"Scientific perspectivism: A philosopher of science\u2019s response to the challenge of big data biology","volume":"43","author":"Callebaut","year":"2012","journal-title":"Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/RDA-180133_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00141776","article-title":"Greater or lesser statistics: A choice for future research","volume":"3","author":"Chambers","year":"1993","journal-title":"Statistics and Computing"},{"key":"10.3233\/RDA-180133_ref7","unstructured":"W.S.\u00a0Cleveland, Visualizing Data, Hobart Press, 1993."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/RDA-180133_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-5823.2001.tb00477.x","article-title":"Data science: An action plan for expanding the technical areas of the field of statistics","volume":"69","author":"Cleveland","year":"2001","journal-title":"International statistical review"},{"key":"10.3233\/RDA-180133_ref9","unstructured":"W.S.\u00a0Cleveland et al., The Elements of Graphing Data, Wadsworth Advanced Books and Software, Monterey, CA, 1985."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.3233\/RDA-180133_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.3233\/IDA-2003-7606","article-title":"An introduction to symbolic data analysis and the SODAS software","volume":"7","author":"Diday","year":"2003","journal-title":"International Journal on Intelligent Data Analysis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/RDA-180133_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1809.1936.tb02137.x","article-title":"The use of multiple measurements in taxonomic problems","volume":"7","author":"Fisher","year":"1936","journal-title":"Annals of Eugenics"},{"key":"10.3233\/RDA-180133_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10920277.1998.10595667","article-title":"Understanding relationships using copulas","volume":"2","author":"Frees","year":"1998","journal-title":"North American Actuarial Journal"},{"key":"10.3233\/RDA-180133_ref14","unstructured":"A.A.\u00a0Goodman and C.\u00a0Wong, Bringing the night sky closer: Discoveries in the data deluge, in: The Fourth Paradigm: Data-Intensive Scientific Discovery, 2009."},{"key":"10.3233\/RDA-180133_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csda.2006.04.003","article-title":"I-Scal: Multidimensinal scaling of interval dissimilarities","volume":"51","author":"Groenen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Computational Statistics and Data Analysis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/RDA-180133_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1002\/bs.3830040302","article-title":"A use of simulation in the study of inter-nation relations","volume":"4","author":"Guetzkow","year":"1959","journal-title":"Behavioral Science"},{"key":"10.3233\/RDA-180133_ref17","unstructured":"H.\u00a0Guetzkow, Simulation in Social Science: Readings, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1962."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/RDA-180133_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.2307\/2086306","article-title":"A basis for scaling qualitative data","volume":"9","author":"Guttman","year":"1944","journal-title":"American Sociological Review"},{"key":"10.3233\/RDA-180133_ref19","unstructured":"U.\u00a0Hanani and C.S.\u00a0Tapiero, The combined location \u2013 Districting problem: A dynamic clusters analysis approach, in: Analyse de Donnees, INRIA, 1980, pp.\u00a0249\u2013266."},{"key":"10.3233\/RDA-180133_ref20","unstructured":"T.\u00a0Hey, S.\u00a0Tansley and K.\u00a0Tolle, The Fourth Paradigm: Data Intensive Scientific Discovery, Microsoft Research, 2009."},{"key":"10.3233\/RDA-180133_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-044452085-2\/50011-5"},{"key":"10.3233\/RDA-180133_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"U.\u00a0Nyamabuu and C.S.\u00a0Tapiero, Globalization, Gating and Risk Finance, Wiley, London, England, 2017.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119252726"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/RDA-180133_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.2307\/1937436","article-title":"Periodicity, constancy, heterogeneity and the categories of qualitative time series","volume":"61","author":"Raveh","year":"1980","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"10.3233\/RDA-180133_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4076(80)90061-5","article-title":"Finding common seasonal patterns among time series: An MDS approach","volume":"12","author":"Raveh","year":"1980","journal-title":"Journal of Econometrics"},{"key":"10.3233\/RDA-180133_ref27","unstructured":"C.S.\u00a0Tapiero, Applied Stochastic Models and Control in Management, North-Holland, Amsterdam\u2013New York, 1988."},{"key":"10.3233\/RDA-180133_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C.S.\u00a0Tapiero, Engineering Risk and Finance, Springer, 2013.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-6234-7"},{"key":"10.3233\/RDA-180133_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177704711","article-title":"The future of data analysis","volume":"33","author":"Tukey","year":"1962","journal-title":"The Annals of Mathematical Statistics"},{"key":"10.3233\/RDA-180133_ref30","unstructured":"J.W.\u00a0Tukey, Exploratory Data Analysis, 1977."},{"key":"10.3233\/RDA-180133_ref31","unstructured":"J.W.\u00a0Tukey, The Collected Works of John W. Tukey, Vol.\u00a01, Taylor & Francis, London, 1994."},{"key":"10.3233\/RDA-180133_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1038\/464678a","article-title":"Point: Hypotheses first","volume":"464","author":"Weinberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Risk and Decision Analysis"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/RDA-180133","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T04:41:19Z","timestamp":1777610479000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.3233\/RDA-180133"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,1]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/rda-180133","relation":{},"ISSN":["1875-9173","1569-7371"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1875-9173","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1569-7371","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,1]]}}}