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This study uses a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to classify these subtypes from RNA-Seq data. The model, with ReLU activation and dropout, achieved a 10-fold F1-score of 0.9483 and AUC of 0.9969. Results show CNN\u2019s effectiveness in handling class imbalance and modeling complex gene interactions, outperforming XGBoost, Random Forest, and TabNet. Future work will validate results on independent datasets and incorporate multi-omics data to improve accuracy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/shti250903","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T11:34:38Z","timestamp":1754566478000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["AI-Driven Deep Learning Approach for Pan-Cancer Immune Profiling"],"prefix":"10.3233","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7728-1539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minh Huu Nhat","family":"Le","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Master\/Ph.D. Program in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan"},{"name":"Research Center of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine and Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan"},{"name":"AIBioMed Research Group, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8938-2745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ha-Hieu","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Technology, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1509-8553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huy Quoc","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, Vaasa University of Applied Sciences, Vaasa, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong Xuan","family":"Ong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EPAM Data and Analytics, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7676-3843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hien Quang","family":"Kha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Master\/Ph.D. Program in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan"},{"name":"AIBioMed Research Group, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1309-6780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Phat Ky","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Master\/Ph.D. Program in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan"},{"name":"AIBioMed Research Group, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thanh-Huy","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"},{"name":"UFR Sciences et Techniques, Universit\u00e9 Bourgogne Europe, Dijon, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0083-4913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Han Hong","family":"Huynh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Master Program for Translational Science, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dang","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thanh-Minh","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, HCMC, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"An Thuy","family":"Vo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thuy Vu Minh","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Business Analysis, Fullerton Health Vietnam, HCMC, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lam Huu Phuc","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AIBioMed Research Group, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Trung Minh Tu","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technical Data Team, Renova Cloud, HCMC, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4896-7926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nguyen Quoc Khanh","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AIBioMed Research Group, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan"},{"name":"In-Service Master Program in Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan"},{"name":"Translational Imaging Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"7437","container-title":["Studies in Health Technology and Informatics","MEDINFO 2025 \u2014 Healthcare Smart \u00d7 Medicine Deep"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ebooks.iospress.nl\/pdf\/doi\/10.3233\/SHTI250903","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T11:34:38Z","timestamp":1754566478000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ebooks.iospress.nl\/doi\/10.3233\/SHTI250903"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]},"ISBN":["9781643686080"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/shti250903","relation":{},"ISSN":["0926-9630","1879-8365"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0926-9630","type":"print"},{"value":"1879-8365","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]}}}