{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T19:39:27Z","timestamp":1784230767607,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"IOS Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9781643686080","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754524800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Middle ear diseases, such as otitis media and middle ear effusion, are difficult to accurately detect in primary care. We developed an AI-powered system using Azure OpenAI\u2019s GPT-4 Vision, the first multimodal large language model (LLM) applied to analyze otoscopic images and detect ten middle ear conditions. Built with a Model-View-Controller (MVC) architecture, the system processes images in under 5 seconds and provides bilingual (English and Chinese) detection reports with confidence scores and treatment recommendations. This scalable solution integrates advanced image analysis and natural language generation to enhance workflows in telemedicine and primary care settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/shti251001","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T11:37:47Z","timestamp":1754566667000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["AI-Assisted Detection Support for Middle Ear Diseases Using Multimodal Large Language Models"],"prefix":"10.3233","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0997-5168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuan-Chia","family":"Chu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Management, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Information Management, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuan-Hsun","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Management, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Information Management, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan-Chen","family":"Chou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Taipei Wego Private Senior High School, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan-An","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Taipei Wego Private Senior High School, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yen-Chi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kaohsiung Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Brain Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chih-Hao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kaohsiung Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Brain Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chien-Yeh","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Management, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan"},{"name":"Master Program in Global Health and Health Security, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yen-Fu","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Brain Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Huei","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7139-4663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chen-Tsung","family":"Kuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Management, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Information Management, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"7437","container-title":["Studies in Health Technology and Informatics","MEDINFO 2025 \u2014 Healthcare Smart \u00d7 Medicine 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