{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T22:41:52Z","timestamp":1779403312486,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"IOS Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9781643686615","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779321600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) is growing exponentially with the advancements in image processing, large language models (LLMs), and other technologies. However, processing patient-identifiable information (PII) in cloud environments raises significant security and compliance concerns. Existing tools provide baseline threat detection; however, they miss complex vulnerabilities. Researchers used cloud-based LLMs such as GPT or Claude to enhance detection, however, these approaches compromise privacy. For this reason, this study proposes a locally deployed and cost-efficient LLM specifically, Llama 3.1 (8B parameters), to identify additional threats and recommend mitigation strategies. The locally deployed Llama 3.1 model identified 12 additional cyberthreats beyond SPYDERISK improving detection coverage and preserving privacy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/shti260323","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T22:01:38Z","timestamp":1779400898000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Secure and Enhanced Cyber-Threat Detection in IoMT Using Locally Deployed Large Language Models"],"prefix":"10.3233","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9814-3023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saadullah Farooq","family":"Abbasi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic, Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1715-4123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Bilal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3073-9514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuefei","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic, Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0538-2307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linxue","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic, Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7938-0269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omid","family":"Pournik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic, Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9546-4195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saif Ul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WMG, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1054-6368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory","family":"Epiphaniou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WMG, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4715-212X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carsten","family":"Maple","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WMG, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5473-135X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theodoros N.","family":"Arvanitis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic, Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"7437","container-title":["Studies in Health Technology and Informatics","Opening the Personal Gate between Technology and Health Care"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ebooks.iospress.nl\/pdf\/doi\/10.3233\/SHTI260323","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T22:01:39Z","timestamp":1779400899000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ebooks.iospress.nl\/doi\/10.3233\/SHTI260323"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"ISBN":["9781643686615"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/shti260323","relation":{},"ISSN":["0926-9630","1879-8365"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0926-9630","type":"print"},{"value":"1879-8365","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]}}}