{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T10:19:05Z","timestamp":1777889945129,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["SW"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,25]]},"DOI":"10.3233\/sw-150204","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,27]],"date-time":"2017-01-27T11:28:31Z","timestamp":1485516511000},"page":"511-532","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Ripple Down Rules for question answering"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Dat Quoc","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computing, Macquarie University, Australia. E-mail:\u00a0dat.nguyen@students.mq.edu.au"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dai Quoc","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computational Linguistics, Saarland University, Germany. E-mail:\u00a0daiquocn@coli.uni-saarland.de"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Son Bao","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VNU University of Engineering and Technology, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam. E-mail:\u00a0sonpb@vnu.edu.vn"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"key":"10.3233\/SW-150204_ref1","unstructured":"I.\u00a0Androutsopoulos, G.\u00a0Ritchie and P.\u00a0Thanisch, MASQUE\/SQL: An efficient and portable natural language query interface for relational databases, in: Proc. of the 6th International Conference on Industrial and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems, IEA\/AIE\u201993, Gordon & Breach Science Publishers, 1993, pp.\u00a0327\u2013330."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-150204_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1017\/S135132490000005X","article-title":"Natural language interfaces to databases \u2013 an introduction","volume":"1","author":"Androutsopoulos","year":"1995","journal-title":"Natural Language Engineering"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-150204_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-27779-8_40"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-150204_ref4","unstructured":"R.\u00a0Basili, D.H.\u00a0Hansen, P.\u00a0Paggio, M.T.\u00a0Pazienza and F.M.\u00a0Zanzotto, Ontological resources and question answering, in: HLT-NAACL 2004: Workshop on Pragmatics of Question Answering, S.\u00a0Harabagiu and F.\u00a0Lacatusu, eds, Association for Computational Linguistics, 2004, pp.\u00a078\u201384."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-150204_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J.\u00a0Berant and P.\u00a0Liang, Semantic parsing via paraphrasing, in: Proc. of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), Association for Computational Linguistics, 2014, pp.\u00a01415\u20131425, http:\/\/www.aclweb.org\/anthology\/P14-1133.","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/P14-1133"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-150204_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J.\u00a0Berant, A.\u00a0Chou, R.\u00a0Frostig and P.\u00a0Liang, Semantic parsing on freebase from question-answer pairs, in: Proc. of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, Association for Computational Linguistics, 2013, pp.\u00a01533\u20131544, http:\/\/www.aclweb.org\/anthology\/D13-1160.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D13-1160"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-150204_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D.\u00a0Bernhard and I.\u00a0Gurevych, Answering learners\u2019 questions by retrieving question paraphrases from social Q&A sites, in: Proc. of the Third Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications, Association for Computational Linguistics, 2008, pp.\u00a044\u201352, http:\/\/www.aclweb.org\/anthology\/W08-0906.","DOI":"10.3115\/1631836.1631842"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/SW-150204_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1609\/aimag.v18i2.1294","article-title":"Question answering from frequently asked question files: Experiences with the FAQ FINDER system","volume":"18","author":"Burke","year":"1997","journal-title":"AI Magazine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/SW-150204_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.datak.2007.10.007","article-title":"Towards portable natural language interfaces to knowledge bases \u2013 the case of the ORAKEL system","volume":"65","author":"Cimiano","year":"2008","journal-title":"Data & Knowledge Engineering"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/SW-150204_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(05)80017-2","article-title":"A philosophical basis for knowledge acquisition","volume":"2","author":"Compton","year":"1990","journal-title":"Knowledge Aquisition"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-150204_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H.\u00a0Cunningham, D.\u00a0Maynard, K.\u00a0Bontcheva and V.\u00a0Tablan, GATE: A framework and graphical development environment for robust NLP tools and applications, in: Proc. of 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Association for Computational Linguistics, 2002, pp.\u00a0168\u2013175, http:\/\/www.aclweb.org\/anthology\/P02-1022.","DOI":"10.3115\/1073083.1073112"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-150204_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-13486-9_8"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-150204_ref13","unstructured":"D.\u00a0Damljanovic, V.\u00a0Tablan and K.\u00a0Bontcheva, A text-based query interface to OWL ontologies, in: Proc. of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC\u201908), N.\u00a0Calzolari, K.\u00a0Choukri, B.\u00a0Maegaard, J.\u00a0Mariani, J.\u00a0Odijk, S.\u00a0Piperidis and D.\u00a0Tapias, eds, European Language Resources Association (ELRA), 2008, pp.\u00a0205\u2013212, http:\/\/www.lrec-conf.org\/proceedings\/lrec2008\/."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-150204_ref14","unstructured":"Q.B.\u00a0Diep, Ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t (Grammar of Vietnamese Language), Vietnam Education Publishing House, 2005."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-150204_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5591\/978-1-57735-516-8\/IJCAI11-405"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-150204_ref16","unstructured":"A.\u00a0Fader, L.\u00a0Zettlemoyer and O.\u00a0Etzioni, Paraphrase-driven learning for open question answering, in: Proc. of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), Association for Computational Linguistics, 2013, pp.\u00a01608\u20131618, http:\/\/www.aclweb.org\/anthology\/P13-1158."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-150204_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C.D.\u00a0Fellbaum, WordNet: An Electronic Lexical Database, MIT Press, 1998.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/7287.001.0001"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-150204_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.3233\/AIC-2010-0461","article-title":"An application of automated reasoning in natural language question answering","volume":"23","author":"Furbach","year":"2010","journal-title":"AI Communications"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-150204_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(02)00127-1","article-title":"The evolution of prot\u00e9g\u00e9: An environment for knowledge-based systems development","volume":"58","author":"Gennari","year":"2002","journal-title":"International Journal of Human-Computer Studies"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-150204_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S.\u00a0Harabagiu, D.\u00a0Moldovan, M.\u00a0Pa\u015fca, R.\u00a0Mihalcea, M.\u00a0Surdeanu, Z.\u00a0Bunescu, R.\u00a0Girju, V.\u00a0Rus and P.\u00a0Morarescu, FALCON: Boosting knowledge for answer engines, in: Proc. of the Ninth Text REtrieval Conference, 2000, pp.\u00a0479\u2013488, http:\/\/trec.nist.gov\/pubs\/trec9\/t9_proceedings.html.","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.SP.500-249.SMU"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/SW-150204_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1017\/S1351324901002807","article-title":"Natural language question answering: The view from here","volume":"7","author":"Hirschman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Natural Language Engineering"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-150204_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1099554.1099571"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-150204_ref23","unstructured":"B.\u00a0Katz, Annotating the world wide web using natural language, in: Proc. of the 5th RIAO Conference on Computer Assisted Information Searching on the Internet, 1997, pp.\u00a0136\u2013159."},{"issue":"24","key":"10.3233\/SW-150204_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2011.07.047","article-title":"A survey on question answering technology from an information retrieval perspective","volume":"181","author":"Kolomiyets","year":"2011","journal-title":"Information Sciences"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-150204_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2396761.2398544"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/SW-150204_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.websem.2007.03.003","article-title":"AquaLog: An ontology-driven question answering system for organizational semantic intranets","volume":"5","author":"Lopez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Web Semantics: Science, Services and Agents on the World Wide Web"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/SW-150204_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.3233\/SW-2011-0041","article-title":"Is question answering fit for the semantic web?: A survey","volume":"2","author":"Lopez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Semantic Web"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/SW-150204_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.3233\/SW-2011-0030","article-title":"PowerAqua: Supporting users in querying and exploring the semantic web","volume":"3","author":"Lopez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semantic Web"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-150204_ref29","unstructured":"P.\u00a0Martin, D.E.\u00a0Appelt, B.J.\u00a0Grosz and F.\u00a0Pereira, TEAM: An experimental transportable natural-language interface, in: Proc. of 1986 ACM Fall Joint Computer Conference, ACM \u201986, IEEE Computer Society Press, 1986, pp.\u00a0260\u2013267."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/SW-150204_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2004.1265890","article-title":"Question answering on the semantic web","volume":"19","author":"McGuinness","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Intelligent Systems"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/SW-150204_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S1351324911000350","article-title":"When the answer comes into question in question-answering: Survey and open issues","volume":"19","author":"Mendes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Natural Language Engineering"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/SW-150204_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.datak.2009.10.007","article-title":"C-phrase: A system for building robust natural language interfaces to databases","volume":"69","author":"Minock","year":"2010","journal-title":"Data & Knowledge Engineering"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-150204_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D.\u00a0Moldovan, S.\u00a0Harabagiu, R.\u00a0Girju, P.\u00a0Morarescu, F.\u00a0Lacatusu, A.\u00a0Novischi, A.\u00a0Badulescu and O.\u00a0Bolohan, LCC tools for question answering, in: Proc. of the 11th Text REtrieval Conference, 2002, trec.nist.gov\/pubs\/trec11\/papers\/lcc.moldovan.pdf.","DOI":"10.3115\/1072228.1072395"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-150204_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSC.2012.33"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-150204_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-89197-0_67"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/SW-150204_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.7763\/IJCTE.2011.V3.330","article-title":"A question answering model based evaluation for OVL (Ontology for Vietnamese Language)","volume":"3","author":"Nguyen","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Theory and Engineering"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-150204_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/KSE.2009.42"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-150204_ref38","unstructured":"D.Q.\u00a0Nguyen, D.Q.\u00a0Nguyen and S.B.\u00a0Pham, Systematic knowledge acquisition for question analysis, in: Proc. of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing 2011, 2011, pp.\u00a0406\u2013412, RANLP 2011 Organising Committee, http:\/\/aclweb.org\/anthology\/R11-1056."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-150204_ref39","unstructured":"D.Q.\u00a0Nguyen, D.Q.\u00a0Nguyen and S.B.\u00a0Pham, KbQAS: A knowledge-based QA system, in: Proc. of the ISWC 2013 Posters & Demonstrations Track, 2013, pp.\u00a0109\u2013112, http:\/\/ceur-ws.org\/Vol-1035\/iswc2013_demo_28.pdf."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-150204_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-19400-9_15"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-150204_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D.Q.\u00a0Nguyen, D.Q.\u00a0Nguyen, D.D.\u00a0Pham and S.B.\u00a0Pham, RDRPOSTagger: A ripple down rules-based part-of-speech tagger, in: Proc. of the Demonstrations at the 14th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Association for Computational Linguistics, 2014, pp.\u00a017\u201320, http:\/\/www.aclweb.org\/anthology\/E14-2005.","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/E14-2005"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/SW-150204_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s10579-012-9177-0","article-title":"Question answering at the cross-language evaluation forum 2003-2010","volume":"46","author":"Pe\u00f1as","year":"2012","journal-title":"Language Resources and Evaluation"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-150204_ref43","unstructured":"S.B.\u00a0Pham and A.\u00a0Hoffmann, Efficient knowledge acquisition for extracting temporal relations, in: Proc. of the 17th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence, IOS Press, 2006, pp.\u00a0521\u2013525."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-150204_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/KSE.2009.44"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-150204_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-12090-9_3"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-150204_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/604045.604070"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/SW-150204_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1017\/S0269888909000241","article-title":"Two decades of ripple down rules research","volume":"24","author":"Richards","year":"2009","journal-title":"Knowledge Engineering Review"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-150204_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1118984.1118988"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-150204_ref49","first-page":"600","article-title":"Natural language interface for database: A brief review","volume":"8","author":"Silakari","year":"2011","journal-title":"IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-150204_ref50","unstructured":"N.\u00a0Stratica, L.\u00a0Kosseim and B.C.\u00a0Desai, NLIDB templates for semantic parsing, in: Proc. of the 8th International Conference on Applications of Natural Language to Information Systems, 2003, pp.\u00a0235\u2013241."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-150204_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/974194.974197"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-150204_ref53","unstructured":"M.-V.\u00a0Tran, D.-T.\u00a0Le, X.-T.\u00a0Tran and T.-T.\u00a0Nguyen, A model of Vietnamese person named entity question answering system. in: Proc. of the 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation, Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia, 2012, pp.\u00a0325\u2013332, http:\/\/www.aclweb.org\/anthology\/Y12-1035."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-150204_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-22327-3_15"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-150204_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2187836.2187923"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-150204_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1119239.1119247"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-150204_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E.M.\u00a0Voorhees,\u00a0Overview\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0TREC-9\u00a0question\u00a0answering\u00a0track, in:\u00a0Proc.\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a09th\u00a0Text\u00a0Retrieval\u00a0Conference,\u00a02000, pp.\u00a071\u201380, http:\/\/trec.nist.gov\/pubs\/trec9\/t9_proceedings.html.","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.SP.500-249"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/SW-150204_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1017\/S1351324901002789","article-title":"The TREC question answering track","volume":"7","author":"Voorhees","year":"2001","journal-title":"Natural Language Engineering"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-150204_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E.M.\u00a0Voorhees, Overview of the TREC 2002 question answering track, in: Proc. of the 11th Text REtrieval Conference, 2002, pp.\u00a0115\u2013123, trec.nist.gov\/pubs\/trec11\/papers\/QA11.pdf.","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.SP.500-251"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.3233\/SW-150204_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1145\/359545.359550","article-title":"An English language question answering system for a large relational database","volume":"21","author":"Waltz","year":"1978","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-150204_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-72667-8_34"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-150204_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444324044.ch22"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/SW-150204_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0019-9958(67)80007-X","article-title":"Recognition and parsing of context free languages in time N3","volume":"10","author":"Younger","year":"1967","journal-title":"Information and Control"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-150204_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1008992.1009030"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-150204_ref67","unstructured":"S.\u00a0Zhao, M.\u00a0Zhou and T.\u00a0Liu, Learning question paraphrases for QA from encarta logs, in: Proc. of the 20th International Joint Conference on Artifical Intelligence, IJCAI\u201907, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc., 2007, pp.\u00a01795\u20131801."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-150204_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Z.\u00a0Zheng, AnswerBus question answering system, in: Proc. of the Second International Conference on Human Language Technology Research, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc., 2002, pp.\u00a0399\u2013404.","DOI":"10.3115\/1289189.1289238"}],"container-title":["Semantic Web"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/SW-150204","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T05:23:09Z","timestamp":1777612989000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.3233\/SW-150204"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Christina","family":"Unger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bielefeld University, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Axel-Cyrille","family":"Ngonga Ngomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Cimiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bielefeld University, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S\u00f6ren","family":"Auer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Paliouras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NCSR Demokritos, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Unger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Axel-Cyrille","family":"Ngonga Ngomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Cimiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S\u00f6ren","family":"Auer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Paliouras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,25]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/sw-150204","relation":{},"ISSN":["2210-4968","1570-0844"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2210-4968","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1570-0844","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,25]]}}}