{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T21:17:37Z","timestamp":1776115057808,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["SW"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,26]]},"DOI":"10.3233\/sw-180338","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,9]],"date-time":"2018-11-09T17:22:37Z","timestamp":1541784157000},"page":"925-945","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":133,"title":["Hate speech detection: A\u00a0solved problem? The challenging case of long tail on Twitter"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Ziqi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Information School, University of Sheffield, Regent Court, Sheffield, S1 4DP, UK. E-mail:\u00a0ziqi.zhang@sheffield.ac.uk"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmaceutical Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China. E-mail:\u00a0drluolei@swu.edu.cn"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"key":"10.3233\/SW-180338_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3041021.3054223"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/SW-180338_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1002\/poi3.85","article-title":"Cyber hate speech on Twitter: An application of machine classification and statistical modeling for policy and decision making","volume":"7","author":"Burnap","year":"2015","journal-title":"Policy and Internet"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-180338_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-016-0072-6"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/SW-180338_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2017.2699184","article-title":"DeepLab: Semantic image segmentation with deep convolutional nets, atrous convolution, and fully connected CRFs","volume":"40","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-180338_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SocialCom-PASSAT.2012.55"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-180338_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W16-2501"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-180338_ref7","unstructured":"J.\u00a0Chung, C.\u00a0Gulcehre, K.\u00a0Cho and Y.\u00a0Bengio, Empirical evaluation of gated recurrent neural networks on sequence modeling, in: Deep Learning and Representation Learning Workshop at the 28th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, Curran Associates, New York, USA, 2014."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-180338_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-36973-5_62"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-180338_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T.\u00a0Davidson, D.\u00a0Warmsley, M.\u00a0Macy and I.\u00a0Weber, Automated hate speech detection and the problem of offensive language, in: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Web and Social Media, Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence, Menlo Park, CA, 2017.","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v11i1.14955"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-180338_ref10","unstructured":"F.\u00a0Del Vigna, A.\u00a0Cimino, F.\u00a0Dell\u2019Orletta, M.\u00a0Petrocchi and M.\u00a0Tesconi, Hate me, hate me not: Hate speech detection on Facebook, in: Proceedings of the First Italian Conference on Cybersecurity, CEUR Workshop Proceedings, 2017, pp.\u00a086\u201395."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/SW-180338_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18:1","DOI":"10.1145\/2362394.2362400","article-title":"Common sense reasoning for detection, prevention, and mitigation of cyberbullying","volume":"2","author":"Dinakar","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-180338_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2740908.2742760"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-180338_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W17-3013"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.3233\/SW-180338_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.14257\/ijmue.2015.10.4.21","article-title":"A\u00a0lexicon-based approach for hate speech detection","volume":"10","author":"Gitari","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Multimedia and Ubiquitous Engineering"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-180338_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1008992.1009074"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-180338_ref20","unstructured":"D.P.\u00a0Kingma and J.\u00a0Ba, Adam: A method for stochastic optimization, in: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference for Learning Representations, 2015."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-180338_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"I.\u00a0Kwok and Y.\u00a0Wang, Locate the hate: Detecting tweets against blacks, in: Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI\u201913), Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence, Menlo Park, CA, 2013, pp.\u00a01621\u20131622.","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v27i1.8539"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-180338_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Q.\u00a0Li, S.\u00a0Shah, X.\u00a0Liu and A.\u00a0Nourbakhsh, Data sets: Word embeddings learned from tweets and general data, in: Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Web and Social Media, Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence, Menlo Park, CA, 2017, pp.\u00a0428\u2013436.","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v11i1.14859"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-180338_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W16-3638"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-180338_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D16-1085"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-180338_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2872427.2883062"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-180338_ref29","first-page":"1277","volume-title":"Hate Speech","author":"Nockleby","year":"2000"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/SW-180338_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3390\/s16010115","article-title":"Deep convolutional and LSTM recurrent neural networks for multimodal wearable activity recognition","volume":"16","author":"Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-180338_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W17-3006"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-180338_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/D14-1162"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/SW-180338_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s10579-012-9196-x","article-title":"A multidimensional approach for detecting irony in Twitter","volume":"47","author":"Reyes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Language Resources and Evaluation"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-180338_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M.H.\u00a0Ribeiro, P.\u00a0Calais, Y.\u00a0Santos, V.\u00a0Almeida and W.\u00a0Meira, \u2018Like sheep among wolves\u2019: Characterizing hateful users on Twitter, in: Proceedings of the Workshop on Misinformation and Misbehavior Mining on the Web, at the 11th ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining, ACM, New York, 2017.","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v12i1.15057"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-180338_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-98192-5_9"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-180338_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W17-1101"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-180338_ref38","unstructured":"W.\u00a0Warner and J.\u00a0Hirschberg, Detecting hate speech on the World Wide Web, in: Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Language in Social Media (LSM\u201912), Association for Computational Linguistics, 2012, pp.\u00a019\u201326."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-180338_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W16-5618"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-180338_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N16-2013"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-180338_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2396761.2398556"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-180338_ref42","unstructured":"S.\u00a0Yuan, X.\u00a0Wu and Y.\u00a0Xiang, A two phase deep learning model for identifying discrimination from tweets, in: Proceedings of 19th International Conference on Extending Database Technology, 2016, pp.\u00a0696\u2013697."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-180338_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-93417-4_48"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-180338_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H.\u00a0Zhong, H.\u00a0Li, A.\u00a0Squicciarini, S.\u00a0Rajtmajer, C.\u00a0Griffin, D.\u00a0Miller and C.\u00a0Caragea, Content-driven detection of cyberbullying on the Instagram social network, in: Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI\u201916), AAAI Press, Menlo Park, CA, 2016, pp.\u00a03952\u20133958.","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2017\/552"}],"container-title":["Semantic Web"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/SW-180338","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T00:51:26Z","timestamp":1775263886000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.3233\/SW-180338"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Luis","family":"Espinosa Anke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiff University, UK"}]},{"given":"Thierry","family":"Declerck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DFKI GmbH, Germany"}]},{"given":"Dagmar","family":"Gromann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical University Dresden, Germany"}]},{"given":"Dagmar","family":"Gromann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Espinosa Anke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Thierry","family":"Declerck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,26]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/sw-180338","relation":{},"ISSN":["2210-4968","1570-0844"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2210-4968","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1570-0844","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,26]]}}}